J. Martinez

¿El conflicto armado ha transformado los roles de la mujer en Colombia? En este artículo se quiere evaluar la diversidad de escenarios y roles que las mujeres adquirieron durante el conflicto armado en Colombia. Para dirigir el rumbo de esta investigación y la posibilidad de evaluar alguno escenarios de posacuerdo, este texto se propone: realizar una consideración epistemológica por parte del feminismo latinoamericano que tenga en cuenta la pluralidad de relatos violentos en Latinoamérica analizar relatos de mujeres partícipes en la guerra que permitan evaluar el rol de la mujer más allá de su simple victimización; examinar la situación de la mujer dentro de los conflictos bélicos colombianos y presentar cómo se diferencia de las situaciones de guerra ocurridas en Europa. Todos estos puntos permiten evaluar cómo la guerra en Colombia ha sido fundamental para contemplar los roles de las mujeres más allá del de víctima, como, por ejemplo, las mujeres activistas que han participado en la reconciliación y el ejercicio de memoria histórica durante el acuerdo de paz y el posacuerdo. Dicho logro promueve un porvenir del feminismo que abre nuevos espacios de acción para la mujer, los cuales, debido a la limitación de este trabajo, quedan aún por explorar.

Background Obstetric violence is a widespread form of institutional abuse that violates women’s sexual and reproductive rights during childbirth. Although informed consent is a fundamental ethical, legal, and human right requiring adequate information and active participation, it is frequently absent or incomplete, even in non-emergency obstetric care. Aim To identify which clinical practices, according to their context (emergency or routine) and the presence or absence of informed consent, are associated with higher perceptions of obstetric violence. Additionally, it is to assess the influence of professional treatment on these perceptions. Research design Cross-sectional observational study. Participants and research context: 2,367 women who gave birth in Spanish public hospitals. Perceptions of obstetric violence and quality of care were measured using the Childbirth Abuse and Respect Evaluation-Maternal Questionnaire (CARE-MQ) and the Quality from the Patient’s Perspective–Intrapartal Questionnaire (QPP-I). Ethical Considerations The study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Reina Sofía University Hospital of Córdoba and by the ethics committees of Ciudad Real University Hospital and Mancha-Centro Hospital. Findings Clinical practices performed without informed consent or adequate information were significantly associated with higher CARE-MQ scores (p

El artículo contiene algunas de las reflexiones de Domingo de Soto en torno a los deberes de los jueces. Desde sus postulados teológicos y jurídicos, nuestro autor aborda diferentes problemáticas procesales defendiendo la presunción de inocencia y la utilización de la equidad y de la prudencia en la práctica jurisdiccional. También se manifiesta en contra de la tortura judicial y del recurso a la íntima convicción para justificar las sentencias. Al analizar los comentarios de este teólogo, y sus silencios, se pondrá de manifiesto la distorsión entre la idealidad de algunos de sus planteamientos y la realidad de la aplicación de la ley por los tribunales de la Castilla del siglo XVI, un periodo, jurídicamente muy complejo, caracterizado por el auge del proceso inquisitivo. Palabras clave: deberes judiciales, presunción de inocencia, tortura judicial, equidad.

The study of gender and ethnicity (or, equally, sexuality and race) is complicated by the basic ambiguity regarding the meaning and signifying capacity of each of these designations. A phenomenological approach aids in explicating the specific social, cultural and historical terms in which the designations of gender and ethnicity come to have different meanings and signifying capacities. Such an explication reveals variously contested boundaries of knowledge-production, and allows for a return to concrete world where meaning, culture, and history are embodied. The present work examines the study of gender and ethnicity as it has developed in relation to the postmodern and postcolonial challenges leveled against social science, and argues for an interdisciplinary and decolonial phenomenology that neither ignores the existential and embodied reality as experienced by those who are designated objects of scientific study, nor valorizes the experience of social objectification or dehumanization. The present work argues that an interdisciplinary and decolonial phenomenology, provides the basis for a full recognition of the intersubjective conditions in which human recognition (and non-recognition) are possible, as well as a critical approach in assessing how the relationship between experience and perspective leads to the truly insightful understanding emerging in this particular time and this particular place.

There is currently a general consensus on the existence of a scope of discretion, the extent of which is debated but in our opinion is high, available to the judge to apply the law. This leads to the need to analyze the extra-legal factors, from the ideology and social background of the judge to his or her political loyalties or personal ambitions, which may have an impact on his or her independence and lead to unreasonable sentences that are highly detrimental to the judiciary or the public in general. In short, it is essential to promote judicial independence through specific legislative measures, and to this end we will devote this paper to examining in detail the threats to such independence and proposing regulatory solutions to address them.

This article presents an educational intervention developed in a public school in Asturias, focusing on the educational treatment of local and controversial heritage. The proposal was carried out in the area of Asturian Language and Literature, with 4th grade primary school students, and integrated activities based on active methodologies, digital resources and a dialogic approach. Two nearby heritage sites with different degrees of institutional recognition were studied. The results obtained through pre- and post-intervention questionnaires, as well as the students' work, show significant progress in heritage knowledge, the use of the Asturian language, citizen involvement and critical thinking skills.

Integrating historical memory in education implies a critical reflection on its purposes, knowledge and methodologies. This study reviews scientific literature on educational practices linked to historical memory. The research is based on 30 studies selected from the Web of Science and Scopus databases. The studies analyzed cover the period 2012-2025 and different educational stages. The results show that Compulsory Secondary Education is the level with the most experiences in this area. In addition, a lack of initial and continuous teacher training on historical memory is detected. On the other hand, the studies show a great variety of practices in terms of purposes, knowledge, methodologies and the role of teachers. Therefore, there is a need for greater coherence in the treatment of the subject in the classroom to enable the formation of critical citizens capable of building and defending democracy.

El objetivo del artículo es mostrar el pensamiento de Feuerbach desde la perspectiva de su preocupación por la existencia humana y su realización en sentido pleno, destacando su contenido antropológico y humanista. El artículo se estructura en dos apartados. El primero muestra la preocupación antropológica de Feuerbach como una constante de su filosofía. El segundo, intentará especificar la actitud crítica de Feuerbach en relación con su preocupación por la realización de una existencia humana completa, capaz de actualizar por sí misma, en sentido inmanente, todas sus capacidades y facultades.

Nell’introduzione, l’articolo fa riferimento all’ambiente xenofobo che cresce in alcuni paesi europei, descritto da Zygmunt Bauman come “paura degli estranei”, e riassume la dottrina biblica ed ecclesiale sull’attenzione agli immigrati. In seguito, si presentano le azioni principali della Chiesa in Spagna sulla pastorale dell’immigrazione, a livello nazionale (Conferenza Episcopale), diocesano (l’arcidiocesi di Madrid è un esempio) e alcune azioni delle congregazioni religiose. Nella stesura dell’articolo hanno gentilmente collaborato le persone responsabili del Dipartimento di Migrazione della Conferenza Episcopale Spagnola (la laica Mónica Prieto ed il gesuita José Luis Pinilla) e il sacerdote diocesano Rufino García Antón, delegato diocesano per le migrazioni di Madrid.

The aim of this paper is to show that every form of knowledge, even scientific knowledge, is linked with the personal existence that effectuates it. We offer a map of the different schools of Interdisciplinarity attending to an anthropological criterion. To this end, a map of the various schools of interdisciplinarity is offered according to an anthropological criterion, where the persistence of a partial and reductive approach to human knowledge in various modalities is generally detected. The consequence of this way of understanding knowledge is firstly the fragmentation of reality, but also of social life and above all of human existence itself. Thus, the need for a theory of interdiscipline is discovered, that not only transcends the epistemological approach, but also that of action and its ontological dimension. We propose that this expansion is achieved through a radical interdiscipline anchored in personal existence.

This paper aims to examine the credibility value of sustainability assurance and the type of assurance provider on cost of capital. A large sample of international companies from the period 2007–2014 was used to develop our models of analysis. We find a greater decrease in cost of capital for companies that publish and assure their social and environmental reports. Thus, voluntary sustainability disclosures decrease the cost of capital. However, companies also have the opportunity to reinforce this decrease by providing an assurance statement, so increasing the credibility of corporate social responsibility information. In addition, the decrease in the cost of capital is significantly higher when such assurance is provided by a top‐tier accountancy firm instead of by engineering or consultancy firms; this result supports also the reputational capital of accountancy firms.

This article analyzes a panel of 550 international firms, for the period 2004 to 2010, to compare the role of female directors in family and non‐family firms in promoting responsible practices. Many studies have associated the presence of women on the board with a higher degree of socially responsible commitment. However, we found that this is much less so in family firms than in non‐family firms. In family firms, corporate social responsibility (CSR) commitment does not vary significantly with the presence of female directors, as the latter tend to behave in accordance with the family orientation toward CSR. This orientation depends on the stakeholders being addressed, with greater social responsibility shown toward external stakeholders than internal ones.

This article considers the reading of Gabriel García Márquez's ‘The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World’ as a transtextual hermeneutic from the perspective of Gerard Genett. This means that the writing of the work is not only a kind of imitation of a previous text to produce a new one, but it is the product of a creative process on the part of the author. Accordingly, this paper relies on three referents for the writing of the story, which together can also contribute to a more comprehensive reading of the symbolic, cultural and poetic universe narrated in the story. These are transtextualities, writing techniques and the author's lived experiences. These elements constitute the body of the text in which idiosyncratic, literary and mythical interpretations are introduced, contrary to the ideological positions referring to the Spanish conquest or the folkloric peculiarities of the local order. This gives an image of Gabriel García Márquez not only as an author, but also as a diachronic reader who writes what he has lived from the reinterpretation of the referents of literature, history and culture. Thus, some critics consider that the author's context, his formation as a human being and writer, bring him closer to his sensibility and provide resources to find possible meanings for his work.

Este artículo pretende rehabilitar la hipótesis henryana del Archi-Hijo como condición fundamental para articular una teoría de la intersubjetividad que de cuenta del vivir de cada sí mismo en su relación mutua. Para ello, se analizará en qué clase de proceso queda involucrado el viviente al verse engendrado en la Vida. Se esclarecerá a qué clase de intercambios se presta la Vida en su devenir absoluto. Se mostrará cómo en esos movimientos es la Vida absoluta misma la que va generando distancias o ciertas formas de alteridad con respecto a sí misma: Vida- Primer Viviente, Vida-vivientes e incluso Vida-mundo. Estas consideraciones ayudarán a entender cómo la asunción por parte del viviente del modo revelativo por el cual la Vida se entrega a sí misma acontece bajo la forma de un Híper-poder en el que viene ya incoada nuestra salvación eterna: la transubstanciación de nuestra carne en la carne de Cristo, donde se gesta el justo diálogo incesante entre finitud e infinitud.

Although possible worlds semantics is a powerful tool to represent the semantic properties of natural language sentences, it has been often argued that it is too coarse: with the tools that possible worlds semantics puts at our disposal, any relevant semantic difference has to be a truth conditional difference representable as a difference in intension. A case that raises questions about the ability of possible worlds semantics to make the appropriate discriminations is the distinction between rigidity and direct reference, an issue deeply connected to the representation of the behavior of two operators: ‘dthat’ and ‘actually’. Differences between the mode of operation of ‘dthat’ and ‘actually’ have been observed, but they have not been examined in depth. Our purpose is to explore systematically to what extent the observed differences between the two operators have truth conditional consequences that are formally representable in possible worlds semantics.

Sección: Artículos de reflexión Palabras clave: Jesús Antonio Gómez, Dirección espiritual, conciencia, discernimiento, voluntad de Dios El artículo aborda la importancia de la dirección espiritual en la formación de una conciencia cristiana. Destaca que la dirección espiritual es un carisma de la Iglesia, esencial para aquellos que buscan una vida cristiana plena y que se centra en el discernimiento de la voluntad de Dios. Se enfatiza que la dirección debe ser ofrecida a todas las personas, incluyendo grupos diversos como jóvenes y religiosos. Po ello, el director espiritual tiene la responsabilidad de ayudar a discernir y formar la conciencia, insistiendo en que una vida apostólica sin oración carece de sentido. Además, se menciona la necesidad de contar con directores espirituales fieles que guíen a los creyentes en su camino hacia la santidad y la fidelidad en el ministerio sacerdotal. Las conclusiones resaltan que Dios actúa a través de la comunidad y que la dirección espiritual contribuye significativamente a la formación permanente de los sacerdotes y a la vida de fe de todos los creyentes.

Durante la última década, las pretensiones independentistas de una parte de la sociedad catalana han tomado como soporte jurídico-político el pretendido «derecho a decidir» del pueblo catalán, empleando además la desobediencia a las leyes del Estado español como medida de presión para lograr su reconocimiento. El presente trabajo analizará el fundamento y posible justificación de tales pretensiones desde una triple perspectiva: constitucional, filosófico-jurídica y de Derecho Internacional. También trataremos la calificación filosófico-jurídica de los actos de desobediencia llevados a cabo por cargos institucionales y ciudadanos independentistas, planteando finalmente las soluciones jurídico-políticas que, a nuestro juicio, podrían resolver el conflicto existente.

The last decades have envisioned a shift in the framework that guides different psychological concepts, including those related to well-being, mental health and pathology. Critical Psychology (Pavón-Cuellar, Critical psychology and social struggle: past, present, future. Poiésis, 37, 19–34, 2019; Teo & Wendt, Some clarifications on critical and Indigenous psychologies, Theory & Psychology, 30(3) 371–376., 2020) in line with Decolonial Feminism (Davis, Women, race and class: An activist perspective, Women’s Studies Quarterly,10(4), 5, 1982; hooks, Black women: Shaping feminist theory. In J. James & T. D. Sharpley-Whiting (Eds.), The black feminist reader (pp. 132–133). Blackwell, 2000) has questioned the pertinence and usefulness of traditional psychological categories for approaching the contemporary human psyche, interactions and suffering. Based on an ontology of rationality and individuality and built with positivistic methodologies that in most cases objectify human beings by the labour of statistics and generalisation (Arocha, Scientific realism and the issue of variability in behavior, Theory & Psychology, 31(3) 375–39, 2021), hegemonic psychology has assembled an idea of psychological needs, well-being and mental health that, critical psychologists argue, in some cases pathologies many ways of being and feeling of non-Western male subjects.Underlying this new paradigm of psychology is the idea that human experience lies not exclusively in the depth of individual processes but in the socio-cultural and historical conditions that expand or curtail the conditions of possibility for people (Seco-Martínez, From formal equality to material equality. Cuestiones previas y problemas a revisar, Derechos y libertadas, 36 (Época II), 57–89, 2017). Human well-being and suffering, and therefore their scope and remedies, are not only to be found in neural circuits but also in social interactions, cultural values and practices (Vygotski, The genesis of higher mental functions. In J.V. Wertsch (Ed.), The concept of activity in Soviet Psychology. Sharpe, 1981).Migration, and specifically the experience of migrant and racialised women, is one of the fields in which a critical stance on mental issues becomes necessary (Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La frontera: The new mestiza. Aunt Lute books, 1987; Marecek, Invited reflection: Intersectionality theory and feminist psychology. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40(2), 177–181, 2016). When attending to “othered” subjects in social, educational or health services, practitioners informed by the categories of classical psychology might outline a pathological reading of migrant women’s symptoms and psychological needs, using diagnostic categories that might not relate to their cultural assumptions and motives (Macías-Gómez-Estern, Critical Psychology for Community Emancipation: Insights from Socio-educative Praxis in Hybrid Settings. In Machin, Raudelio (eds.), New Waves in Social Psychology (pp. 25–54). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2021). On the other hand, in claiming to denounce the deprived and oppressive situations suffered by most migrant women, some studies highlight the mental health consequences of their living conditions (Celorio, Mental health and acculturation stress: changes in family and gender roles in Latin American migrant women (Doctoral dissertation, University of Deusto), 2016), showing that their levels of anxiety and depression are higher than those of the local population. However, these accounts have been considered incomplete from more recent feminist and decolonial approaches (Anleu-Hernández & García-Moreno, Migration, resilience and social work: Latin Americans in Tarragona. The British Journal of Social Work, 44 (suppl_1), 88–104, 2014), which consider that the focus on individual mental health problems obscures the interactional, social, spiritual and emotional resources that migrant women can put into action to healthily navigate the domineering circumstances they are going through while caring for others and maintaining affective bonds.In this chapter, we will analyse these accounts related to migrant women’s mental health from a critical and feminist psychology perspective, where the tension between the need to recognise the socio-cultural origin of mental problems (and pathologies) and the urgency of recognising resilience, agency and power in migrant women is at play. Our reflections will be informed by community-based research on migrant women in Spain and Portugal, with a special focus on Latinas as one of the most represented migrant communities in these European countries.

Analytic philosophy traditionally uses two classification criteria to distinguish theories of pictorial interpretation: mimetic or illusionistic, and natural or non-natural. In this paper, I propose an alternative and previously unconsidered criterion to classify these theories, based on the type of theory-ladenness argument they employ, whether it is strong or weak. I defend that this third criterion offers four advantages over traditional approaches: (i) it allows a clear distinction between theories of image interpretation that could not be differentiated using previous criteria; (ii) it enables the association of theories previously considered distinct; (iii) it facilitates the recognition of the epistemic and ontological commitments of the theories, allowing a more precise appreciation of their strengths and weaknesses; and (iv) it provides a basis for using literature on the architecture of the mind to argue for or against contemporary theories of image interpretation.

El desarrollo de la tecnología y de la inteligencia artificial provocan desde hace años preguntas éticas y antropológicas. La Suma Teológica de Santo Tomás permite categorizar términos tecnológicos y establecer ontologías en clave filosófica. Con esta metodología de la Suma se va a estudiar aquí el término “metaverso” y sus implicaciones éticas. El artículo aporta además una revisión sistemática de literatura científica para elaborar un mapa de conocimiento desde un punto de vista cualitativo y cuantitativo que visibilice el impacto de esta terminología emergente en la investigación.

El objetivo del agroturismo sostenible en Floridablanca es promover el reconocimiento, protección y ejercicio real de los derechos económicos, sociales, culturales, políticos y ambientales de la población rural, contribuyendo a mejorar su bienestar en términos de calidad de vida, justicia social y acceso a los derechos laborales de las comunidades campesinas. La metodología de análisis está centrada en el diálogo y la proyección de acciones efectivas, con la participación de los actores sociales. Las estrategias son: el fomento del agroturismo, la investigación, preservación y protección de la diversidad biológica y el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de los pobladores.