This research aims to demonstrate that the human emancipation is the nuclear question of the young Marx's political philosophy and, also, that this idea is deeply related to the main republican theses, although Marx had not affiliated to that current. Among the republican theses outstands the idea of freedom as non-domination; the preponderance of the public interests over the private interests; the critique of liberalism; the valuation of rhetoric as creation and development of a language and a…
Read moreThis research aims to demonstrate that the human emancipation is the nuclear question of the young Marx's political philosophy and, also, that this idea is deeply related to the main republican theses, although Marx had not affiliated to that current. Among the republican theses outstands the idea of freedom as non-domination; the preponderance of the public interests over the private interests; the critique of liberalism; the valuation of rhetoric as creation and development of a language and a political thought; the civic virtue (virtù); the civic education as the foundation of society and the active participation in the public sphere. The interpretation of Marx in this paper happens from his relations with the tradition of the political philosophy dating back to Aristotle, to the civic humanism, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Spinoza, Rousseau, Hegel, Left Hegelians, liberals and republicans. It approaches, therefore, an unorthodox interpretation of the young Marx. The analysis covers the texts of the philosophical and political journalism from 1842, through which Marx defends an ethical State in the Hegelian perspective, going through the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right from 1843, in which the author argues for a radical democracy, going up to The German Ideology (1846), when Marx takes the perspective of the critique of the political economy and the communism. It is argued that there was no rupture between the phases of the young Marx's thought, but an overcoming of positions in search of the effectiveness of his original project of human emancipation. In this sense, Marx seeks to overcome the formal aspect of the State, toward a radical democracy. This position, fundamentally republican, takes other frames, when Marx presents the communism as an alternative for the achievement of emancipation. The common thread between Marx and Hegel is the pursuit of the restitution or re-creation of the human essence, lost in the possessive and selfish individualism of the modernity. Yet the confrontation between the two philosophers is based on the concept of sovereignty: for Hegel, the State sovereignty, for Marx, the popular sovereignty. Marx's critique of the bourgeois Rule of Law and to certain aspects of the Hegelian Philosophy of Right comes from his conclusion that the civil society cannot sustain itself in a State that is structured on alienation or that only claims the Idea of freedom, but without interest or able to accomplish it. Marx’s critique of liberalism approximates him of the republicanism, which does not mean the renouncing of the individual freedom idea, but its strengthening and, for such, it is necessary to incorporate it into a political project, with ethical foundation that makes it feasible and extends it to the whole society through the practice of the democratic and republican principle of the self-government, implying the rescue of people's participation in the political life, as a guarantee of their freedom as opposed to the forms of domination.