Javad Khandaqi

One of the areas of interdisciplinary research on culture is the study of the relationship between religion and art. Among the religious movements, "Protestantism" has assumed especial importance due to its relation with the" religious reform movement". In this cultural context, "expressionism" represents one of the most important stages of the evolution of forms of art. Using a library-based method, this paper seeks to investigate the common aspects and relations between these two movements. The theoretical foundations were compared in the form of a case study with the movie “Dr. Calgary’s Work Room" (1920). The research results show that expressionism and Protestantism have common aspects in one general aspect and in three particular aspects. Thus, it is possible to give religious interpretations works of art. The interaction among religion, culture and art on the basis of an existential understanding of religion is the common aspect in this relationship. Moreover, the historical-cultural commonalities, an expressive element and a dark tension-making content in Expressionism the similar of which is found in Protestant theology, indicate the remarkable aspects of this relationship.

Farabi, “the Second Teacher” and the founder of Islamic philosophy is one of the most important philosophers in the history of Islamic philosophy. Like other Muslim philosophers and mystics, he has no independent argument about aesthetic concepts. In this research, one of the main concepts of modern aesthetics, namely the “aesthetic judgment”, is analyzed according Farabi’s perspective, and to achieving this, some of the key concepts of Kant’s aesthetics, as one of the turning points of modern aesthetics, are used. In this paper, concepts such as “second perfection”, in the philosophy of Farabi, and “the ideal of beauty” in Kant’s philosophy are evaluated and then new explanation is introduced of aesthetic judgment in Farabi. The results show that for Farabi the canonical art is that art which has some features, and leads audience toward true happiness. This canon corresponds to Kant’s definition of ideal beauty, and is made clear with combination of the aesthetic normal idea and the rational idea in the philosophy of Kant.

Farabi in the context of Islamic philosophy and Aquinas in the context of Christian philosophy both use the concept of "perfection" in the definition of "beauty". This research, using by the library collection, and qualitative analysis method, examines the beauty definitions and the concept of perfection in them. The results of this study shows that the two philosophers are similar in their definition of beauty and its grades. Farabi is more concerned with the concept of "perfection" in the definition of beauty, and instead Aquinas refers to "placent", "fit" and "Clarity" which is not explicitly mentioned in Farabi's definitions. Another important issue is linking beauty with holy trinity by Aquinas, which Farabi does not use in Islamic concepts. Also, while there are references to subjective beauty in Aquinas' philosophy, as a conclusion, we can say that beauty in the view of both philosophers is objective.