Jean-François Kervegan

L'affaire est entendue, et Karl Jaspers l'a résumée : Cari Schmitt fait partie avec Heidegger de "ces professeurs [...] qui ont tenté de prendre intellectuellement la tête du mouvement national-socialiste". Depuis lors, nonobstant, des contradicteurs distingués, Strauss, Löwith, Peterson, Kojève, Blumenberg, Habermas, Derrida..., ont discuté âprement ses thèses, souvent pour les rejeter, comme il en va avec tous les classiques intéressants, de Platon à Wittgenstein. Aussi l'heure est-elle venue de "partir de Cari Schmitt", au double sens de reformuler des questions essentielles à partir de certains de ses travaux et de lui donner congé lorsqu'il ne nous aide plus à penser. Certains de ses concepts (le nomos de la terre, la constitution comme décision "existentielle"...) ou des concepts sur lesquels il a apposé son empreinte (le pouvoir constituant, l'Etat de droit "bourgeois") éclairent différemment des questions telles que le rapport entre décision et rationalité ; l'enracinement des normes juridiques dans les institutions ; le statut de l'ordre constitutionnel et ses présuppositions ; les effets pervers du retour de la morale en politique internationale (droits de l'homme et démocratie forment-ils le couple uni que l'opinion dominante nous décrit?). Mais cette fécondité se heurte à une limite fondamentale : Schmitt est plus efficace pour penser des ruptures et des instaurations que pour décrire le fonctionnement normal de l'ordre juridique établi. A jamais, il demeure un penseur du dissentiment.

One of Hegel’s most controversial and confounding claims is that “the real is rational and the rational is real.” In this book, one of the world’s leading scholars of Hegel, Jean-François Kervégan, offers a thorough analysis and explanation of that claim, along the way delivering a compelling account of modern social, political, and ethical life. ​Kervégan begins with Hegel’s term “objective spirit,” the public manifestation of our deepest commitments, the binding norms that shape our existence as subjects and agents. He examines objective spirit in three realms: the notion of right, the theory of society, and the state. In conversation with Tocqueville and other theorists of democracy, whether in the Anglophone world or in Europe, Kervégan shows how Hegel—often associated with grand metaphysical ideas—actually had a specific conception of civil society and the state. In Hegel’s view, public institutions represent the fulfillment of deep subjective needs—and in that sense, demonstrate that the real is the rational, because what surrounds us is the product of our collective mindedness. This groundbreaking analysis will guide the study of Hegel and nineteenth-century political thought for years to come.

resumo Esse artigo busca mostrar, em contraste com uma tradição já estabelecida, que a filosofia clássica alemã, longe de fazer do indivíduo simples apêndice do Estado, propõe uma verdadeira teoria do Estado de direito , e isso, antes mesmo que esta tenha sido formulada pelos juristas liberais. Mas se trata de uma teoria crítica, que põe em evidência o caráter ilusório da idéia liberal segundo a qual a sociedade civil poderia furtarse inteiramente à tutela do Estado. Para Fichte e para Hegel, mas também para Kant, apenas um Estado verdadeiro, com os atributos de sua potência, pode ser um verdadeiro Estado de Direito. palavras-chave Fichte; Kant; Hegel; sociedade civil; liberalismo; Estado de direito

The Kantian theme of ‘cosmopolitan right” has often been used in 20th century’s scholarship to water down the juridicism affecting Kant’s doctrine of private and public law. It would in this sense be the point where law is re-introduced into an ethical, or at least meta-juridical, perspective. On the contrary, we would like to emphasize that Kantian cosmopolitan right has a properly juridical dimension. Far from questioning the sharp separation between law and ethics, the cosmopolitan right is the necessary accomplishment of Kantian concept of law