Jennifer Garcia

This paper is concerned with the ancient discussion on privative negation (e.g., 'unjust') and infinite negation (e.g., 'not-just'). We formalize and compare the positions of Aristotle and Alexander of Aphrodisias, of Proclus and Ammonius Hermiae, and of Porphyry (as presented by Boethius). Each of these formalizations takes the form of a logical system, which is intended to capture the main tenets of the position it formalizes. As an additional point of reference, we also discuss the system of contemporary, Boolean predicate logic. Our comparison focuses on the diagrams that each position gives rise to, and we show how our formalizations provide a unified and systematic perspective on these diagrams. In particular, we argue that the ancient discussion on privative and infinite negation can be understood through the lens of the so-called 'logic-sensitivity' of Aristotelian diagrams. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

Determining teachers' perceptions of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) in elementary classrooms is crucial for enhancing its effectiveness, overcoming practical challenges, and ensuring sustainable integration in diverse educational settings. Therefore, this literature review aims to analyze and synthesize the existing literature regarding CLIL usage by EFL teachers at the elementary level in Spain, Indonesia, Croatia, the Republic of Poland, Austria, Greece, Taiwan, Ireland, Kazakhstan, and Ecuador, focusing on both the benefits and obstacles they encounter. Using a qualitative bibliographic approach, the study analyzes, categorizes, and synthesizes relevant data from selected peer-reviewed articles. Findings are categorized into two main areas: (1) Teachers’ limitations, including lack of training, teacher workload, lack of content expertise, and collaboration between CLIL and non-CLIL educators; and (2) benefits, focusing on students’ and teachers’ roles, content and language knowledge improvement, authentic language use, and enhancement of students’ motivation and engagement. These findings provide educators with a comprehensive understanding of CLIL implementation, enabling them to make informed decisions about its potential benefits for their student’s learning process.

This article examines whether the folk concept of DISCRIMINATION is inherently evaluative or purely descriptive. Two corpus analyses reveal a historical shift, with “discrimination” evolving from a neutral to an evaluative term. The results of a cancelability test show that denying the evaluative aspect of “discriminatory” leads to contradictions, indicating the communication of moral judgment by default. In a vignette study, we demonstrate that cases often cited as examples of descriptive discrimination are judged either non-discriminatory or morally wrongful. These results support the Moralized View, challenging the Descriptive View, and propose DISCRIMINATION to be a thick concept blending descriptive and evaluative content.

Immer öfter werden der Natur eigene Rechte zugesprochen. Rund um den Globus helfen sie gefährdeten Ökosystemen, sich gegen schädliche Wirtschaftsinteressen zu verteidigen. Seit ihrer Einführung in die ecuadorianische Verfassung im Jahre 2008 wurden Rechte der Natur unter anderem in Bolivien, Kanada, Kolumbien, Neuseeland und den USA eingeführt. Zuletzt in Spanien zum Schutz einer Salzwasserlagune. Dieses Buch zeigt, wie die Idee der Rechte der Natur entstand, wie sie immer mehr an Fahrt aufnahm und wie sie uns künftig helfen kann, die Natur und gefährdete Ökosysteme zu schützen. Dabei begibt es sich auf die Reise durch verschiedene Länder und Kontinente und stellt konkrete Anwendungsfälle und Initiativen vor.

Background: Current interventions to enhance patient self-efficacy, a key mediator of health behavior, have limited primary care application. Objective: To explore the effectiveness of an office-based intervention for training resident physicians to use self-efficacy-enhancing interviewing techniques. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Participants: Family medicine and internal medicine resident physicians at an academic medical center. Measurements: Resident use of SEE IT was coded from audio recordings of the physician-patient portion of two standardized patient instructor training visits and two unannounced post-training SP visits, all involving common physical and mental health conditions and behavior change issues. One post-training SP visit involved health conditions similar to those experienced in training, while the other involved new conditions. Results: Experimental group residents demonstrated significantly greater use of SEE IT than controls, starting after the first training visit and sustained through the final post-training visit. The mean effect of the intervention was significant [adjusted incidence rate ratio for increased use of SEE IT∈=∈1.94 ]. There were no significant effects of resident gender, race/ethnicity, specialty, training level, or SP health conditions. Conclusions: SP instructors can teach resident physicians to apply SEE IT during SP office visits, and the effects extend to health conditions beyond those used for training. Future studies should explore the effects of the intervention on practicing physicians, physician use of SEE IT during actual patient visits, and its influence on patient health behaviors and outcomes.

Code-based cryptography is currently the second most promising post-quantum mathematical tool for quantum-resistant algorithms. Since in 2022 the first post-quantum standard Key Encapsulation Mechanism, Kyber (a latticed-based algorithm), was selected to be established as standard, and after that the National Institute of Standards and Technology post-quantum standardization call focused in code-based cryptosystems. Three of the four candidates that remain in the fourth round are code-based algorithms. In fact, the only non-code-based algorithm (SIKE) is now considered vulnerable. Due to this landscape, it is crucial to update previous results about these algorithms and their functioning. The Fujisaki-Okamoto transformation is a key part of the study of post-quantum algorithms and in this work we focus our analysis on Classic McEliece, BIKE and HQC proposals, and how they apply this transformation to obtain IND-CCA semantic security. Since after security the most important parameter in the evaluation of the algorithms is performance, we have compared the performance of the code-based algorithms of the NIST call considering the same architecture for all of them.

This paper shows that, for a large range of parameters, the journal editor prefers to delegate the choice to review the manuscript to the biased referee. If the peer review process is informative and the review reports are costly for the reviewers, even biased referees with extreme scientific preferences may choose to become informed about the manuscript’s quality. On the contrary, if the review process is potentially informative but the reviewer reports are not costly for the referees, the biased reviewer has no incentive to become informed about the manuscript. Furthermore, if the reports are costly for referees but the peer review processes are not potentially informative, the biased reviewers will never become informed. In this paper, we also present a web resource that helps editors to experiment with the review process as a device for information transmission.