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167Public Health Ethics: Mapping the TerrainJournal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 30 (2): 170-178. 2002.Public health ethics, like the field of public health it addresses, traditionally has focused more on practice and particular cases than on theory, with the result that some concepts, methods, and boundaries remain largely undefined. This paper attempts to provide a rough conceptual map of the terrain of public health ethics. We begin by briefly defining public health and identifying general features of the field that are particularly relevant for a discussion of public health ethics.Public heal…Read more
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114Informed Consent: Patient Autonomy and Physician Beneficence Within Clinical Medicine (review)HEC Forum 6 (5): 323-325. 1994.Substantial efforts have recently been made to reform the physician-patient relationship, particularly toward replacing the `silent world of doctor and patient' with informed patient participation in medical decision-making. This 'new ethos of patient autonomy' has especially insisted on the routine provision of informed consent for all medical interventions. Stronly supported by most bioethicists and the law, as well as more popular writings and expectations, it still seems clear that informed …Read more
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94Consensus in Panels and Committees: Conceptual and Ethical IssuesJournal of Medicine and Philosophy 16 (4): 371-373. 1991.
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86The Triumph of Autonomy in Bioethics and Commercialism in American HealthcareCambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 16 (4): 415. 2007.Justifying his proposal for “health savings accounts,” which would allow individuals to set aside tax-free dollars against future healthcare needs, President Bush has said that “Health savings accounts all aim at empowering people to make decisions for themselves.” Who could disagree with such a sentiment? Although bioethicists may be among those who express skepticism that personal health savings accounts will be part of the needed “fix” of our healthcare financing system, self determination ha…Read more
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82Ethics by committee: The moral authority of consensusJournal of Medicine and Philosophy 13 (4): 411-432. 1988.Consensus is commonly identified as the goal of ethics committee deliberation, but it is not clear what is morally authoritative about consensus. Various problems with the concept of an ethics committee in a health care institution are identified. The problem of consensus is placed in the context of the debate about realism in moral epistemology, and this is shown to be of interest for ethics committees. But further difficulties, such as the fact that consensus at one level of discourse need not…Read more
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75Human Experiments and National Security: The Need to Clarify PolicyCambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 12 (2): 192-195. 2003.On September 4, 2001, press reports indicated that the Defense Intelligence Agency of the U.S. Department of Defense planned to reproduce a strain of anthrax virus suspected of being held in Russian laboratories. According to the same reports, the Central Intelligence Agency, under the auspices of Project Clear Vision, is engaged in building replicas of bomblets believed to have been developed by the former Soviet Union. These small bombs were designed to disperse biological agents, including an…Read more
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74Making Sense of Consensus: Responses to Engelhardt, Hester, Kuczewski, Trotter, and ZolothCambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 11 (1): 61-64. 2002.It has been a pleasure to read these papers and to contemplate their importance for what I believe to be a useful and provocative prism though which to view the field of bioethics: the nature of moral consensus. In my own most extended contribution to this literature, DecidingTogether, I did not attempt to prescribe so much as to understand the role of moral consensus in the practice of bioethics. At the end of the book, I expressed the hope that it might help trigger an examination of bioethics…Read more
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66Review of Allen E. Buchanan and Dan W. Brock: Deciding for Others: The Ethics of Surrogate Decision Making (review)Ethics 103 (1): 172-175. 1992.
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61Neuroenhancements in the Military: A Mixed-Method Pilot Study on Attitudes of Staff Officers to Ethics and RulesNeuroethics 15 (1): 1-18. 2022.Utilising science and technology to maximize human performance is often an essential feature of military activity. This can often be focused on mission success rather than just the welfare of the individuals involved. This tension has the potential to threaten the autonomy of soldiers and military physicians around the taking or administering of enhancement neurotechnologies (e.g., pills, neural implants, and neuroprostheses). The Hybrid Framework was proposed by academic researchers working in …Read more
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50Revising the History of Cold War Research EthicsKennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 6 (3): 223-237. 1996.: President Clinton's charge to the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments included the identification of ethical and legal standards for evaluating government-sponsored radiation experiments conducted during the Cold War. In this paper, we review the traditional account of the history of American research ethics, and then highlight and explain the significance of a number of the Committee's historical findings as they relate to this account. These findings include both the national d…Read more
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48Acid Brothers: Henry Beecher, Timothy Leary, and the psychedelic of the centuryPerspectives in Biology and Medicine 59 (1): 107-121. 2016.Henry Knowles Beecher, an icon of human research ethics, and Timothy Francis Leary, a guru of the counterculture, are bound together in history by the synthetic hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide. Beecher was a U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel who received five battle stars, was inducted into the Legion of Merit, held the first endowed chair in his discipline, wrote at least three path-breaking papers, and is honored by two prestigious ethics awards in his name. Leary was a West Point dropout w…Read more
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46Ethics of research involving mandatory drug testing of high school athletes in oregonAmerican Journal of Bioethics 4 (1). 2004.There is consensus that children have questionable decisional capacity and, therefore, in general a parent or a guardian must give permission to enroll a child in a research study. Moreover, freedom from duress and coercion, the cardinal rule in research involving adults, is even more important for children. This principle is embodied prominently in the Nuremberg Code (1947) and is embodied in various federal human research protection regulations. In a program named "SATURN" (Student Athletic Te…Read more
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38Biotechnology and the new right: Neoconservatism's red menaceAmerican Journal of Bioethics 7 (10). 2007.Although the neoconservative movement has come to dominate American conservatism, this movement has its origins in the old Marxist Left. Communists in their younger days, as the founders of neoconservatism, inverted Marxist doctrine by arguing that moral values and not economic forces were the primary movers of history. Yet the neoconservative critique of biotechnology still borrows heavily from Karl Marx and owes more to the German philosopher Martin Heidegger than to the Scottish philosopher a…Read more
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35Deciding together: bioethics and moral consensusOxford University Press. 1995.Western society today is less unified by a set of core values than ever before. Undoubtedly, the concept of moral consensus is a difficult one in a liberal, democratic and pluralistic society. But it is imperative to avoid a rigid majoritarianism where sensitive personal values are at stake, as in bioethics. Bioethics has become an influential part of public and professional discussions of health care. It has helped frame issues of moral values and medicine as part of a more general effort to fi…Read more
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34Charles F. Howlett, "Troubled Philosopher: John Dewey and the Struggle for World Peace" (review)Journal of the History of Philosophy 19 (1): 129. 1981.
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32Consensus, contracts, and committeesJournal of Medicine and Philosophy 16 (4): 393-408. 1991.Following a brief account of the puzzle that ethics committees present for the Western Philosophical tradition, I will examine the possibility that social contract theory can contribute to a philosophical account of these committees. Passing through classical as well as contemporary theories, particularly Rawls' recent constructivist approach, I will argue that social contract theory places severe constraints on the authority that may legitimately be granted to ethics committees. This, I conclud…Read more
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32Remember Saddam's Human Guinea PigsAmerican Journal of Bioethics 3 (3): 53-53. 2003.No abstract
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31Taking stem cells seriouslyAmerican Journal of Bioethics 6 (5). 2006.This Article does not have an abstract
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31The natural history of vulnerabilityAmerican Journal of Bioethics 4 (3). 2004.This Article does not have an abstract
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30Research with captive populationsIn Ezekiel J. Emanuel (ed.), The Oxford textbook of clinical research ethics, Oxford University Press. pp. 461--474. 2008.
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29Bioethics and BioterrorismIn Bonnie Steinbock (ed.), The Oxford handbook of bioethics, Oxford University Press. 2007.The term ‘bioterrorism’ seems to have become a kind of shorthand for sowing terror through the use of other ‘unconventional’ weapons, especially chemical, nuclear, and radiological weapons, or ‘dirty bombs’. The ethical problems associated with these other threats are closely associated with those raised by biological agents. Therefore, this article necessarily refers to these related potential terrorist technologies, all of them made more available to militant organizations through the spread o…Read more
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29Mind Wars: Brain Science and the MilitaryMonash Bioethics Review 31 (2): 83-99. 2013.This article is based on a public lecture hosted by the Monash University Centre for Human Bioethics in Melbourne, Australia on 11 April 2013. The lecture recording was transcribed by Vicky Ryan; and, the original transcript has been edited — for clarity and brevity — by Vicky Ryan, Michael Selgelid and Jonathan Moreno.
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29Review of Francois Ansermet and Pierre Magistretti. Biology of Freedom: Neural Plasticity, Experience, and the Unconscious, trans. Susan Fairfield. 1 (review)American Journal of Bioethics 8 (5): 36-37. 2008.This Article does not have an abstract