Jose Carlos

Objective: This study aimed to understand the dynamics of self-identification and racial preference in urban and rural primary school children in southern Peru, and to discern the underlying causes of discrimination and racism in these contexts. Materials and Methods: The research adopted a naturalistic paradigm with a qualitative approach and a case study design. Participants included 24 students from urban and rural educational institutions in the southern highlands of Peru. Data was collected using the "Doll Test" questionnaire, based on the original "Doll Test" designed in the 1940s in the USA. Re-sults: The study revealed a concerning trend in students' perceptions of beauty related to the skin color of dolls. Stereotypes were evident in students' perceptions, associating the black doll with "bad" and the white doll with "good". A marked preference was identified for the blonde doll, but a majority identified with the black doll in terms of similarity. Most students anticipated an economically disadvantaged future for the black doll and a privileged one for the blonde doll. Discussion: The findings unveil the palpa-ble presence of racial stereotypes and prejudices in students' perceptions and preferences regarding skin color. This underscores the urgent need to promote a culture of inclusion and respect from childhood and the importance of implementing educational and cultur-al interventions to eradicate these stereotypes.

Esta introducción a la filosofía del derecho nace de la experiencia de muchos años de enseñanza de esta materia en la Facultad de Derecho Canónico de la Universidad Pontificia de la Santa Cruz. Por tanto, el libro se dirige principalmente a los estudiantes de cursos de filosofía o teoría del derecho en cualquier ámbito universitario. El texto sigue una idea básica bien definida: el derecho como bien jurídico. Se trata de una presentación del realismo jurídico clásico, inspirado en Aristóteles, en los juristas romanos y en Tomás de Aquino, repropuesto en la época contemporánea por varios autores, entre ellos Michel Villey y Javier Hervada. Por esta razón, el libro puede interesar a un público más amplio, en primer lugar a los juristas que deseen reconsiderar críticamente los fundamentos de su disciplina y de su práctica, pero también a los que se ocupan de la filosofía y la teoría del derecho, para conocer una vertiente de pensamiento que a menudo no encuentra lugar en la literatura especializada en derecho.

In Brazilian schools, many teachers do not organize their teaching and students’ tasks and actions in a way that facilitates theoretical thinking based on the abstraction and generalization of the work content. Because many students struggle to accomplish the tasks and actions themselves, teachers guide them. Over time, the students begin to have more autonomy in executing the proposed activities, as they completed mental operations while learning. This article aims to investigate how young people’s and adults’ awareness of the countryside is formed based on visual elements and writing, facilitating an understanding of their reality. A didactic–formative experiment was performed based on the cultural–historical theory. The comic books produced by the participants allowed them to develop their overall thinking, moving from the abstract to the concrete. They also formed an awareness of reality, which allowed them to have greater autonomy in the production of these stories as a means of representation and transformation of reality.