José Durán

The emergence of smart destinations (SDs) as a new planning and management approach for tourist destinations adopts sustainability as a crucial part of its agenda. Indicators are a fundamental tool for destinations in their progress towards a more sustainable development of tourism and the application of sustainable tourism principles and policies in real contexts. This chapter introduces some novelties in the dialectic between smart destinations and sustainability. In order to incorporate tourists in the analysis and progress of the sustainability of SDs, it is necessary to evaluate and measure tourists’ level of commitment, attitude, knowledge, and behavior regarding sustainability. This is defined as a novel concept called sustainable intelligence within the framework recently named smart sustainability.The relationship between SDs and sustainable tourism indicators has been extensively studied, but there is a lack of information regarding the incorporation of tourists themselves as a factor from the perspective of sustainability and its measurement through indicators. Considering this gap in the literature, we propose “Indicators of Tourists’ Sustainable Intelligence” as a fundamental tool in the incorporation of tourists in the progress towards the sustainability of SDs. Recent literature defines tourists’ sustainable intelligence as the ability of tourists to apply their experiences and knowledge regarding the effects of tourism on the environment in which it is practiced, developing proactive behaviors towards sustainable tourism, from the perspective of both consumption and production. From a statistical perspective, sustainable intelligence is a latent variable (not directly observable); therefore, it has to be quantified by indirect indicators, which, to a greater or lesser degree, are related to the latent variable. This chapter presents the results of a two-round Delphi survey conducted into expert opinion on the development of Indicators of Tourists’ Sustainable Intelligence to define and measure the different tourist sustainable intelligence dimensions, related to the commitment, attitude, knowledge, and behavior of tourists with sustainability. This useful tool incorporates the demand perspective for the sustainable management of SDs as a key factor in the move towards sustainability.

The aim of this chapter is to improve our understanding of how tourism businesses behave in the context of mature tourist destinations, by grouping tourism businesses into homogeneous segments and identifying which factors explain willingness to pay when using certain tax instruments in each of these segments. The revenue raised by these tax instruments provides the funds needed to develop policies that improve both the sustainability and competitiveness of the destination. The case study presented in this chapter was carried out in Andalusia, a well-established, mass tourist destination in southern Spain that is largely unsustainable. As part of our analysis, we conducted 916 surveys of Andalusian tourism businesses. We then applied a two-step cluster analysis, identifying for each segment which variables explain a willingness to pay proposed taxes. Out of the three clusters identified, the variables “business size,” “activity,” and “turnover” yielded the greatest discriminatory power.

Some varieties that are extensions of relational algebras with two constants that play the role of projections are studied. The classes have as a subvariety the abstract fork algebra equivalent variety involving projections. They are obtained by weakening some laws valid in AFA. Some applications of the varieties in the literature and in the specification of abstract data types are exhibited. For each of the classes obtained, an answer is given to the question: 'Is the relational reduct of the class representable?'. For the subvarieties formed with the models that have a representable relational reduct, a representation theorem is proved. For them the finitization problem is studied. Next the varieties presented are compared by means of the inclusion order. For each class the problem of characterizing finite models is considered. Simple models in the varieties are studied. Finally the existence of equivalent classes with a binary operation like fork is studied.