Jose Ramos

Se analiza de forma comparada el contenido económico de cuatro destacados ejemplos de la literatura de “espejo de príncipes” de la España de la primera mitad del siglo XVII, escritos por Juan de Mariana, Jerónimo Ceballos, Mateo López Bravo y Diego Saavedra Fajardo. Rompiendo con el patrón habitual del género, estos textos sí prestaron una significativa atención a aspectos tales como la moneda, los tributos, la ociosidad, la pobreza, los sectores productivos, etc. El objetivo es, por un lado, examinar qué papel desempeñó en estas cuatro obras la idea de Razón de Estado al abordar las cuestiones económicas. Por otro lado, se pretende estudiar qué conexiones temáticas existen entre estas obras especulares y el arbitrismo, viendo asimismo en qué medida dichas obras trataron temas económicos que no se recogían en la citada corriente arbitrista, sino en otras como la escolástica. Aunque la literatura española de “espejo de príncipes” ha sido examinada desde distintos puntos de vista, desde la perspectiva económica apenas ha recibido atención. Por tanto, este trabajo intenta hacer una aportación en un terreno aún poco explorado.

The World Council of Churches and the permanent observer of the Holy See to the UN were significantly active during the negotiations prior to the adoption of Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This paper uses the five speeches of the popes at the UN to analyze the coincidences and differences of the Catholic model of development with the one derived from the 2030 Agenda. The Catholic model is synthesized in eight features: transcendent, human, integral, solidarity, charitable-true, equalizing, endogenous, and sustainable. It coincides with that of the UN in terms of the centrality of people, planet, (shared) prosperity, peace, and partnership. It offers differences by elevation when considering a transcendent and integral anthropology; a concordance in solidarity, equalizing, endogenous, and ecological; and a common basis in the values of justice and peace, although not in those of love and truth proper to Catholic social thought.

Commentators believe that the COVID‐19 pandemic reveals the inconveniences of capitalism and that the end of “neoliberalism” could be near. In this article we show that a capitalist ethics is capable to deal with the challenges of pandemics and comes with important advantages such as the prevention of overreactions. We apply both utilitarian and rights‐based ethics to the case of epidemics in general and COVID‐19 in particular. First a libertarian natural law ethics is used to assess the government interventions in the Corona pandemic. We maintain that these interventions cannot be justified from a libertarian point of view despite of the possible objections that are discussed such as the “potential threat argument”. Moreover, the utilitarian argument in favor of government lockdowns is evaluated. The negative effects of lockdown on mental health, addictions, domestic violence, etc. have to be taken into account. The utilitarian argument in favor of lockdown is far from convincing, as economic calculation is not possible.

La violencia política es un fenómeno de creciente interés. Los estudios sobre lo que es o no es la violencia política y sus efectos y causas han sido ampliamente estudiados desde diferentes perspectivas de variadas disciplinas. Aún persiste el desafío de entender las repercusiones psíquicas y subjetivas que hay en pacientes en proceso de psicoterapia. La presente investigación tuvo por objetivo general analizar cómo entienden y abordan la violencia política en el contexto de la insurrección popular del 2019 los/as psicólogos/as clínicos chilenos de orientación psicoanalítica. Para responder a nuestro objetivo general, se aplicó una entrevista semi-estructurada a una muestra de 8 psicólogos/as, con especializaciones en la escuela psicoanalítica poniendo especial énfasis en las modalidades Freud-Lacan y Winnicott-Klein. Dentro de los principales resultados hallamos que es posible afirmar que las repercusiones psicológicas propiciadas por los conflictos políticos impulsaron desde temprana data que aparezcan históricamente instituciones enfocadas en elaborar y abordar dichas secuelas. En el contexto de insurrección popular la incertidumbre y los niveles de violencia desencadenados en el país propiciaron que el dispositivo psicoanalítico se transformara intentando responder desde el trabajo clínico a la urgencia política.

La historia del vínculo entre la psicología y la educación en Chile se ha documentado con énfasis en el periodo que va de 1850 a 1950. Esta investigación, se suma a dichos esfuerzos, y explora las contribuciones de la profesora Amanda Labarca, particularmente aquellas orientaciones que priorizaron la aplicación de la psicología, por sobre su conceptualización. Se trabaja con distintas fuentes primarias de la primera mitad del siglo XX, con acento en el texto Nuevas Orientaciones de la Enseñanza. Además, se incorporan los estudios de recepción para comprender la circulación de estas propuestas. Los resultados evidencian la importancia del texto, como un dispositivo de difusión de ideas psicológicas, orientadas en múltiples pasajes del texto, a una aplicación de la disciplina psicológica al interior de las escuelas. También, se identifican a los estudiantes y profesores como actores principales y población objetivo de las tendencias psicológicas. Destacan los métodos de enseñanza, las variables que se priorizan en el proceso de aprendizaje, así como los principios de la escuela nueva, que fueron los que se intentaron implementar, primero como propuesta y posteriormente, en la aplicación que se observó con la implementación del Liceo Experimental Manuel de Salas. Los hallazgos invitan a explorar este periodo de transición de la psicología, para poder conocer las prácticas que tuvieron buena acogida en el espacio escolar, así como identificar los procesos que no pudieron replicarse. Se refuerza la necesidad de dedicar mayor atención a las propuestas de mujeres, de donde continúa visibilizándose nexos directos con la psicología.

El presente artículo contribuye a reflexionar en torno a los aportes que realizara la intelectual chilena Amanda Labarca en las hibridaciones entre filosofía y psicología, lo que permite discurrir hacia reflexiones y debates que se suscitan en el campo educativo en el tránsito del siglo XIX al XX. Se utilizó principalmente fuentes primarias para abordar diversos aspectos de la obra de Amanda Labarca y se recurrió a sus primeros trabajos vinculados a la educación y enseñanza. Se asignó relevancia a su obra Lecciones de Filosofía (1922), la que siendo un texto eminentemente filosófico, a su vez, refleja los preludios de la psicología general y educativa en Chile, los cuales se presentan en un período de inmersión en el cual una joven Labarca estudió en profundidad y divulgó a los principales autores estadounidenses que forjaron los nexos entre ambas disciplinas (filosofía y psicología).

El trabajo analiza la necesidad de una conversión ecológica para que exista una ecología integral. Hace una hermenéutica de la conversión como un “girarse” desde sí mismo hacia una vida basada en el Amor recibido, recogido y reflejado que pone a la persona en relación con Dios, con uno mismo, con los demás y con la naturaleza. A través de narrativas de conversión como la de María de Magdala y Jonás, pone de manifiesto la orientación de la vida hacia un Amor que nos hace agraciados, agradecidos y activos. Los ejemplos del agua (ODS 6) y el hambre (ODS 2) sirven para evidenciar la interdisciplinariedad que exige abordar la ecología de una manera realmente integral.

This article studies the observations which John Stuart Mill collected about Spain in his writings. The aim is to analyze how one of the most important thinkers of the time valued some political Spanish events, certain aspects of socioeconomic reality, or determined features which he considered to constitute the Spanish «national character». Throughout his entire intellectual trajectory, Mill seems to have been aware of the complex and eventful life of Spanish politics. Moreover, Mill visited Spain in 1860 and captured the image of a country in a process of economic transformation, similar to the image portrayed by historians today and far from the romantic stereotypes that were so common to travel books of the 19th century.

In 1890, Ricardo Mella—one of the foremost theorists of Spanish anarchism—published the short novel La Nueva Utopía [The New Utopia], which had been awarded a prize in Barcelona's Second Socialist Contest the previous year. It was a time of resurgence for the utopian novel in the western world with numerous proposals for different models of socialism. In particular, there were three works in quick succession which were well received and eventually became classics: Bellamy's Looking Backward (1888), Hertzka's Freiland (1889), and Morris's News from Nowhere (1890). This article analyzes Mella's novel as the major example of the utopian genre in Spain at the end of the nineteenth century and as an effective means of spreading his model of anarchist collectivism (as opposed to anarchist communism). In it, he shows the future libertarian society in glowing colors. In addition, the article compares the model of social organization developed in La Nueva Utopía with those proposed in the three famous contemporary works (by Bellamy, Hertzka, and Morris).

Este artículo pretende mostrar elcontraste entre las filosofías de Husserl y de Merleau-Ponty a la vista de laexperiencia de la mano tocante-tocada descrita en Ideas II. Frente al privilegio concedido al tacto en la constitucióndel cuerpo propio, la valoración del movimiento permitirá a Merleau-Pontypensar una reversibilidad entre el tocar y el ver (entre lo tangible y lovisible) decisiva para elaborar la noción de Carne. En la medida en que lafenomenología alcanza su límite en la experiencia del tocar, esta será crucialpara establecer las diferencias entre ambos filósofos respecto de aquellascuestiones decisivas en el pensamiento fenomenológico: mundo, percepción ycarne.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to analyze the influence and measurement of the relationship and interaction between the elderly lifestyles after the appearance of the SARS-CoV-2 variant and the factors analyzed comprised life satisfaction levels, social relationships, and daily-life activities.MethodsThe study population was ≥ 65 in Castile-La Mancha. The research design was quantitative and arose from primary data collected via an ad hoc survey carried out through the Computer Assisted Telephone Interview system by randomly stratified sampling. The sample size was made up of 1,065 cases, and the participants were selected through a random sampling stratified by gender quotas, age, province, and habitat size.ResultsThe results obtained revealed two main lifestyles, from which a notable behavioral change in personal relationships led to infer toward alternative lifestyles.ConclusionNotwithstanding the variation in lifestyles of the elderly after the pandemic, certain relationships remained unaltered. Thus, from the analyzed variables, relatives and friends relationships were scarcely influenced by the supervened incident.

Commentators believe that the COVID-19 pandemic reveals the inconveniences of capitalism and that the end of “neoliberalism” could be near. In this article we show that a capitalist ethics is capable to deal with the challenges of pandemics and comes with important advantages such as the prevention of overreactions. We apply both utilitarian and rights-based ethics to the case of epidemics in general and COVID-19 in particular. First a libertarian natural law ethics is used to assess the government interventions in the Corona pandemic. We maintain that these interventions cannot be justified from a libertarian point of view despite of the possible objections that are discussed such as the “potential threat argument”. Moreover, the utilitarian argument in favor of government lockdowns is evaluated. The negative effects of lockdown on mental health, addictions, domestic violence, etc. have to be taken into account. The utilitarian argument in favor of lockdown is far from convincing, as economic calculation is not possible.

Departing from the work of Georg Simmel on Rembrandt, we try to characterize self-portrait as a moment of inner confrontation and of inner inquiry on our inner self and individuality. All self-portraits are pervaded by the ephemeral character of life, where death is constantly present. The self-portrait is born from the drawing and the drawing develops it in a continuity where the past juts out in the present. The human face is the sum of a duration that moulds its traits, its expression and its variation in a tension that brings the past to a present that is now remade. Thus, the self-portrait, more than the portrait, enables the possibility to transmit what the subject has of unique as an individual. In this sense, the self-portrait represents the knowledge of an individuality felt in the process of life, individuality withdrawn from the stream of life and in the unity of its existence.

The essay Tracing the Traces of our Face concerns the relationship between the drawing, the self-portrait and the image in the mirror. This is accomplished following some ideas exposed in Bachelard's The wather an d the dreams (L'Eau et les Rêves) where the mirroring on still water is put up into debate. The present paper tries to explore a concept of self-portrait departing of Bachelard’s notion of naturalization of the image. In this way it is set up the idea that the drawing self-portrait can be an action that gives back natural presence to identity, which was lost in a too much artificial and fixed world. So, drawing dissolves the image with such a naturality as if it was deep lake water.

La siempre fascínate escritura rulfiana continúa dialogando con el mundo. El así conocido “escritor de las letras mexicanas”, nos sigue ofreciendo un mar de posibilidades de acercamiento a otras áreas humanísticas entre las cuáles incluimos a la filosofía. Coincidentes en la época y en la geografía mexicana, Juan Rulfo y María Zambrano se encontraron en 1939. Exponentes ejemplares y creadores de nuevos caminos en la escritura literaria y filosófica, los exponemos como paralelos a través de dos piezas claves de sus obras: Pedro Páramo y Los sueños y el tiempo. La antropología zambraniana viene propuesta como uno de estos senderos creativos y creadores de la búsqueda del propio ser y del sentido mismo del existir. Dicho pronunciamiento antropológico lo exponemos como perspectiva de lectura del viaje no sólo de Juan preciado, ansioso buscador de su padre, sino de todos los lectores de Rulfo que hemos tejido con sus letras —extractoras de sueños y productoras de anhelos— la frágil cuerda que sostiene la aventura del descubrir nuestro lugar en el oscuro pozo del mundo. Realismo mágico y Razón poética en armonía propositiva que revela el origen de ambos proveniente de la misma semilla del ser. Rulfo y Zambrano nos enseñan que hay encuentros más profundos y reales que aquellos sólo históricos.

To achieve their goals, organizations for individuals with intellectual disability have to stimulate high-quality relationships between professionals and family members. Therefore, achieving professionals’ trust in family members has become a challenge. One relevant factor in explaining professional’s trust in families is the degree to which family members use the “problem-solving” conflict management strategy in their disputes–disagreements with professionals. It is reasonable to argue that when family members use problem-solving conflict management, professionals’ trust increases. Professionals’ trust, in turn, stimulates the use of problem-solving strategies by family members. However, it is also plausible that professionals are the initiators of this positive spiral. To examine this relationship between problem solving and trust over time, we conducted a longitudinal survey study in which 329 professionals reported on these two constructs three times. Using structural equation modeling, we compared four nested models: stability, causality, reversed causation, and reciprocal. The results of the χ2 difference tests, regarding the comparison of the models, showed that the reciprocal model was significantly superior to the alternative proposals. Our findings supported a complex view of the relationships between problem-solving conflict management and trust, based on dynamic reciprocal relationships over time.

Adaptive optics are techniques used for processing the spatial resolution of astronomical images taken from large ground-based telescopes. In this work, computational results are presented for a modified curvature sensor, the tomographic pupil image wavefront sensor, which measures the turbulence of the atmosphere, expressed in terms of an expansion over Zernike polynomials. Convolutional neural networks are presented as an alternative to the TPI-WFS reconstruction. This technique is a machine learning model of the family of artificial neural networks, which are widely known for its performance as modeling and prediction technique in complex systems. Results obtained from the reconstruction of the networks are compared with the TPI-WFS reconstruction by estimating errors and optical measurements. The reconstructed wavefronts from both techniques are compared for wavefronts of 153 Zernike modes. For this case, a detailed comparison and grid search to find the most suitable neural network is performed, searching between multi-layer perceptron, CNN and recurrent networks topologies. In general, the best network was a CNN trained for TPI-WFS reconstruction, achieving better performance than the reconstruction software from TPI-WFS in most of the turbulent profiles, but the most significant improvements were found for higher turbulent profiles that have the lowest r0 values.

Mais do que tratar o conceito genérico de tempo, o objectivo deste texto foi o de articular em sistema algumas das coordenadas principais que integram e compõem o conceito de tempo na lexicografia e no pensamento do judaísmo. Acaba por se verificar que com estas coordenadas se representa uma intensa concepção da História enquanto vivência sobretudo dramática de acontecimentos e que este núcleo essencial do tempo-acontecimento avoca para dentro de si o próprio conceito de espaço e de mundo, miticamente, tal como se encontra avocado e incluído o espaço no conceito de tempo primordial.