Jose Salazar

This paper examines firms that face two objectives: profit maximization and social performance. By looking comparatively at the cases of altruism, coerced egoism, and strategy, this paper uses the tools of microeconomics to define the optimal level of social output that should be produced in each case. We show that it is wiser for the firm to act strategically than to be coerced into making social contributions. In addition, we argue that greater overall social output will be achieved by the strategic approach, than by the altruistic approach.

This article examines the transformative role of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) in education, exploring diverse disciplines such as engineering, medicine, programming, and information systems. GAI emerges as a revolutionary force, promising to fundamentally change educational practices. The PRISMA 2020 methodology (Page et al., 2021) was used to evaluate the relevant scientific literature. The systematic review identified research that applied specific criteria in the analysis of IAG in education. The selected papers covered a variety of disciplines, providing a comprehensive view of the impact of IAG in education. The results show a diversity of approaches and institutional responses to IAG in education. From significant changes in teaching practices to the identification of specific opportunities in disciplines such as computer science and engineering, GAI stands out as a catalyst for transformation. The adaptation of tertiary education, the need for specific skills to work with GAI, and ethical responses emerge as key themes. It focuses on the need for a deeper and more consensual understanding of the role of GAI in education. Concrete research-supported opportunities are highlighted, but ethical limitations and concerns are also underscored. Collaboration, reflection, and adaptation to open educational practices are proposed as approaches to address the challenges and fully exploit the benefits of IAG in education. This comprehensive analysis contributes to understanding the current and future landscape of GAI in education, providing valuable guidelines for educators, institutions, and educational technology developers.

Este trabajo tiene como fin revisar los informes sobre derechos humanos en Colombia de la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos, en busca de evidencia que demuestre la interrelación anulativa de los actores sociales del conflicto armado en contra de la dignidad de las victimas. La violencia y todo acto de terrorismo emergente del conflicto armado aumentan la vulnerabilidad, el silenciamiento de la memoria, la impunidad y, en gran medida, promueve una lógica evasiva de responsabilidades y reparaciones que son necesarias para esclarecer los hechos victimizantes y otorgar voz a los afectados. El conflicto armado sume a las víctimas en una dinámica del terror que impacta todas sus áreas de desarrollo y limita su sentido de seguridad, confianza y credibilidad en el otro y en las instituciones sociales.

Esta es una investigación cualitativa de tipo exploratorio, que tiene como objetivo examinar las Representaciones sociales acerca de la adopción en parejas sin hijos y con posibilidades de adoptar, para lo cual se aplicará una entrevista semiestructurada a 50 parejas, además de una ficha de caracterización sociodemográfica elaborada para esta investigación. Se concluye que las parejas tienen una representación sesgada de la adopción, y prejuicios respecto a la edad, la salud, la historia de los niños y niñas, que determinan las resistencias y representaciones respecto a la adopción. Asimismo, las parejas anteponen el proyecto de vida personal, la estabilidad económica, dificultades en los procesos adoptivos, y supuestas preferencias por familias extranjeras, como criterios que dan forma a la resistencia a adoptar, aun cuando identifican que la adopción es un proceso necesario en la sociedad que debe ser fortalecido y asumido por más personas.

Corporate social performance (CSP) has become a widely applied concept, discussed in most large firms’ corporate reports and the academic literature alike. Unfortunately, CSP has largely been employed as a way of demonstrating corporate social responsibility (CSR) in practice, or to justify the business case for CSR in academia by relating some measure of CSP to some measure of financial performance. In this article, we discuss multiple shortcomings to these approaches. We argue that (1) CSR activities need to be managed and measured as projects and aggregated to the business or corporate level using a project portfolio; (2) appropriate measures need to be identified that move away from reporting the firm’s activities toward quantifying actual social outcomes achieved; and (3) given the types of projects prevalent in CSR, statistical evaluation methods common in other fields (ideally, pre-test post-test control group designs, such as used in medicine or propensity score matching for ongoing or past projects) should be employed to properly measure outcomes. We make a first, albeit imperfect, attempt at using such an approach with data collected on behalf of the Patrimonio Hoy project, a well-publicized CSR initiative carried out by Cemex in Mexico. We show that the results from this data reinforce concerns voiced earlier in this article.

Using the Theil index to measure income inequality, we define a specific firm’s contribution to overall income inequality and propose a simple model to find theequilibrium price for a given target of income inequality reduction. We first establish income inequality reduction targets for a population of firms. We then model a marginal income inequality reduction cost curve and match demand and supply to derive the equilibrium price. Using a small sample of fifteen firms, we simulate a market for income inequality reduction and calculate the equilibrium price