Juan Gonzalez

Background A combination of theoretical and practical approaches is required to learn and acquire ethical competencies in caring. Occasionally, reflection on practical action differs from theoretical learning. In the context of reflective learning, issues such as ethical values can be discussed since they evoke conflict among nursing students. Aim To identify ethical conflicts encountered by nursing students during clinical placements and to determine their cooperation strategies. Research design Qualitative study with a content analysis according to Elo and Kinglas framework. Participants and research context Students enrolled in a nursing program at a Spanish university aged between 22 and 35, mainly women. Methodology The study includes 134 ethical reflections from nursing students in the last year of the nursing program, written during their clinical practices in a variety of learning environments. The research team analyzed the reflections using an inductive content analysis method. Ethical considerations Ethical permission was obtained by the management center according to Law 3/2028, and all the participants accepted to participate through the informed consent form. Findings Three main categories emerged from the analysis of the ethical reflections: (1) evaluation of professional performance and patient care; (2) the student as the protagonist of the dilemma; (3) student coping. Student dilemmas and concerns are related to ignorance, student-patient communication, mistakes made and self-confidence. Some situations conflict with the autonomy of patients and their rights, and can contribute to stressful situations for patients. Stress factors include hospital routines, which the patient cannot modify, and asymmetric relationships with staff, which encourage passivity. Conclusion All ethical problems detected by the students begin with the professional-patient relationship, including issues related to bad news, errors or malpractice. Reflection on the ethical values of nursing, both in the classroom and in clinical practices, allows students to develop a greater ethical awareness of care, enhancing their decision-making skills in ethical dilemmas.

In the Critique of the Power of Judgment —Kant’s seminal work on teleology—Kant never once mentions the philosopher who is widely credited with inventing teleology, namely, Aristotle. To make matters worse, when Kant does survey and critique available views on natural teleology throughout the history of philosophy, he seems to completely overlook Aristotle’s teleology. While this may lead us to surmise that Kant was either indifferent towards or ignorant of Aristotle’s teleology, the author argues that it is possible to read Kant as advancing a version of Aristotle’s natural teleology—a version, of course, that respects the limits drawn by Kant’s transcendental philosophy. Moreover, our investigation into Kant’s Aristotelianism reveals a new way of explaining the organism without rendering it a convenient fiction or dogmatically asserting its reality. In the end, our exercise of situating Aristotle in Kant’s account of natural teleology reveals that omission is sometimes a high form of intellectual flattery.

Bone remodeling is a fundamental physiological process that maintains skeletal integrity through a tightly regulated balance between bone resorption and formation. Mathematical modeling provides a powerful framework for understanding the complex regulatory mechanisms underlying this process, particularly the interplay between biomechanical stimuli and cellular dynamics. This study introduces a new mathematical model of bone remodeling designed to capture the temporal evolution of key bone cell populations and their response to mechanical stimuli within a simplified yet biologically informed architecture. We formulate a system of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations to describe the dynamics of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes within a single basic multicellular unit (BMU). The model incorporates feedback regulation via strain energy density, allowing mechanical input to influence cellular activity and bone surface transitions. Initial conditions are assigned to reflect the sequential activation of bone remodeling phases. Physiological parameters are adopted from well-established literature, while non-sourced parameters are tuned to ensure model stability and biological plausibility. The simulations reproduce the canonical sequence of bone remodeling: initiation, resorption, reversal, and formation. The model captures the coupling between mechanical loading and cellular activity, demonstrating how osteocyte signaling can modulate the recruitment of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. The results also highlight the system’s capacity to stabilize around a dynamic equilibrium, sensitive to both internal parameters and external mechanical inputs. This model offers a minimal yet comprehensive representation of bone remodeling dynamics within a single BMU, integrating mechanical and biological controls into a unified mathematical structure. It provides a foundation for future extensions toward spatially distributed models and applications in mechanobiological simulation and computational bone health assessment.

Las reglas del _ius in bello_ de la teoría de la guerra justa y su concreción en el Derecho Internacional Humanitario tienen una gran importancia para intentar poner límites a la destrucción que genera la guerra, así como a la facilidad con que el ser humano se puede deslizar en la barbarie y brutalidad. En este análisis se aplican esas normas a la guerra de Ucrania, y se valora su (in)aplicación desde el punto de vista legal, pero sobre todo desde la perspectiva moral que nos ofrece aquella teoría. Se puede intuir la dificultad, por no decir la imposibilidad, de que hayan existido o que existan guerras justas en toda la dimensión del concepto. El caso de la guerra en Ucrania, con ambos contendientes contraviniendo los principios y criterios de la teoría de la guerra justa apoya esta consideración.

Although during the last decades the philosophy of chemistry has greatly extended its thematic scope, the main difficulties appear in the attempt to link the chemical description of atoms and molecules and the description supplied by quantum mechanics. The aim of this paper is to analyze how the difficulties that threaten the continuous conceptual link between molecular chemistry and quantum mechanics can be overcome or, at least, moderated from the perspective of BM. With this purpose, in “The quantum-mechanical challenges” section the foundational incompatibility between chemical and SQM descriptions will be briefly recalled. “Bohmian mechanics” section will be devoted to explain the main features of BM. In “Empirical equivalence and underdetermination” section, the consequences of the empirical equivalence between SQM and BM will be discussed. Finally, in the Conclusion, we will stress the scope of the obtained conclusions and the philosophical difficulties that still remain even after adopting BM for foundational purposes.

Perhaps the hottest topic in the philosophy of chemistry is that of the relationship between chemistry and physics. The problem finds one of its main manifestations in the debate about the nature of molecular structure, given by the spatial arrangement of the nuclei in a molecule. The traditional strategy to address the problem is to consider chemical cases that challenge the definition of molecular structure in quantum–mechanical terms. Instead of taking that top-down strategy, in this paper we face the problem of the reduction of molecular structure to quantum mechanics from a bottom-up perspective: our aim is to show how the theoretical peculiarities of quantum mechanics stand against the possibility of molecular structure, defined in terms of the spatial relations of the nuclei conceived as individual localized objects. We will argue that, according to the theory, quantum “particles” are not individuals that can be identified as different from others and that can be reidentified through time; therefore, they do not have the ontological stability necessary to maintain the relations that can lead to a spatially definite system with an identifiable shape. On the other hand, although quantum chemists use the resources supplied by quantum mechanics with successful results, this does no mean reduction: their “approximations” add certain assumptions that are not justified in the context of quantum mechanics or are even inconsistent with the very formal structure of the theory.

La libertad es el concepto fundamental de la “metafísica del _Dasein_”, que Heidegger desarrolló a finales de los años 20 en continuidad con la ontología fundamental de _Ser y tiempo_, y que se articula junto a otros dos conceptos: trascendencia y fundamento de la existencia. En ese periodo Heidegger realizó sobre el tratado de la libertad (_Freiheitsschrift_) de Schelling una temprana y positiva interpretación, diluida en sus relecturas posteriores y más críticas de la obra. Según la tesis de este trabajo, gracias a esta temprana lectura de la concepción de la libertad en Schelling, al hilo de la idea de libertad en la filosofía práctica kantiana, superando el poso idealista-trascendental del _Freiheitsschrift_, y descubriendo en él la prefiguración de la “diferencia ontológica” y de la “temporalidad” del _Dasein_, Heidegger formula el sentido metafísico y último de la esencia de la existencia, cuya posibilidad de ser es la libertad.

Voluntary environmental programs (VEPs) have gained popularity in recent times as stakeholders strengthen pressure on private firms to address the climate crisis. In this article, I analyze a type of VEP with increasing importance within the private sector: environmental coalitions. Focusing on US publicly traded firms, I show that the firms that join a green coalition are greener than others and that they were also greener before becoming members. I apply a difference-in-differences design, using the fact that different firms became members at different points in time, and find no effect of membership on different measures of environmental performance. Why, then, do firms incur the costs of creating and maintaining these coalitions? I show that shareholder pressure, in particular from liberal and active individual shareholders, can explain this behavior. Taken together, the findings suggest that membership in a green coalition can be a tool for firms to signal their environmental credentials when faced with pressure from pro-environmental stakeholders.

La libertad es el concepto fundamental de la “metafísica del Dasein”, que Heidegger desarrolló a finales de los años 20 en continuidad con la ontología fundamental de Ser y tiempo, y que se articula junto a otros dos conceptos: trascendencia y fundamento de la existencia. En ese periodo Heidegger realizó sobre el tratado de la libertad (Freiheitsschrift) de Schelling una temprana y positiva interpretación, diluida en sus relecturas posteriores y más críticas de la obra. Según la tesis de este trabajo, gracias a esta temprana lectura de la concepción de la libertad en Schelling, al hilo de la idea de libertad en la filosofía práctica kantiana, superando el poso idealista-trascendental del Freiheitsschrift, y descubriendo en él la prefiguración de la “diferencia ontológica” y de la “temporalidad” del Dasein, Heidegger formula el sentido metafísico y último de la esencia de la existencia, cuya posibilidad de ser es la libertad.

El resentimiento es un fenómeno emocional complejo que afecta a la estructura existencial de la persona que lo sufre: a su modo de percibir, de relacionarse con otros y de encontrarse a sí misma en un mundo compartido. Desde la psicopatología se entiende como un rasgo desadaptativo de ciertos trastornos de la personalidad, y desde la teoría moral como una reacción negativa ante valores positivos y vitales —según el punto de vista parcial de Nietzsche, que minusvalora la vivencia de daño y sufrimiento que está en su origen. Un acercamiento fenomenológico a la vida emocional resentida, de la mano de la fenomenología de Max Scheler y del relato en primera persona de Jean Améry, descubre el resentimiento como metamorfosis de la existencia personal, que puede adquirir un sentido trágico. Esta interpretación del fenómeno responde a la quiebra de la esencia de la simpatía, como forma de relación interpersonal básica, y a su reconstrucción como sentido básico de la justicia.

The following paper aims to show that the reception of José María Arguedas’most ambitious work, Todas las Sangres [Every Blood], and his suicide were the consequences of a generation that valued authenticity over sincerity. By making acritical analysis of the life and works of Argueda in the light of Lionel Trilling’s conceptsof “sincerity” and “authenticity”, the following paper concludes that Argueda’s natural sincerity might actually have been more complex and productive than the authenticity of his literary and academic peers

Se discute y analiza en este trabajo la doctrina de Polo sobre los conocimientos inobjetivos, metalógicos, en particular los símbolos y las noticias de la experiencia moral, el conocimiento por connaturalidad. Esos conocimientos remiten a los hábitos cognoscitivos, principalmente adquiridos, y median al fin de abandonar el límite mental para ejercer la filosofía de un modo más congruente.It this work Polo’s doctrine on inobjective knowledge, metalogical, particularly symbols and notes from moral experience, the knowledge by connaturality, are discussed and analysed. This knowledge remits to cognitive habits, acquired mainly, and it mediates with the purpose of abandoning the mental limit to exercise the philosophy in a more consistent way.

Nuestro propósito es trastornar el tratamiento habitual del problema de las clases naturales en filosofía de la ciencia, analizándolo sincrónicamente y poniendo la química en el foco. Analizaremos tres problemas que la disciplina presenta al microesencialismo: la insuficiencia del número atómico como propiedad y criterio esencial, la imposibilidad de la mecánica cuántica de dar cuenta de la estructura molecular y, por consiguiente, de importantes propiedades macroscópicas de las sustancias, la imposibilidad de definir propiedades centrales, como la acidez, a partir de las propiedades microscópicas. Argumentaremos que, sin embargo, cabe mantener la noción de clase natural en química, pero reformulándola desde la perspectiva del realismo activo y el pluralismo ideológico de Hasok Chang. Esta propuesta permite pensar que si bien las clasificaciones no deben ser interpretadas en un sentido esencialista, no son arbitrarias ni meramente convencionales, porque la realidad puede hacer fracasar un sistema de clasificación y dar éxito a otro.

Starting from the so-called ‘abandonment of the mental limit’, Polo’s metaphysics opens to anthropology. To be is understood as a deep act that explains the appearance of things, in the sense of generating, being born, emerging, springing. This is the ‘activity’ through which things are what they are. There are two ways of emerging or arising, one according to nature, the other one according to the will. Nature is a causal genesis. Free will implies coming out in the sense of donation. The capital difference between both is the addressee, in the case of the second sense, since without the addressee there can be no donation. Thus, personal freedom surpasses monism. A unique person has no sense. To whom should he give his work and deeds?

Open peer commentary on the article “Exploring the Depth of Dream Experience: The Enactive Framework and Methods for Neurophenomenological Research” by Elizaveta Solomonova & Xin Wei Sha. Upshot: Enaction and neurophenomenology are indeed appropriate and productive theoretical and methodological tools for studying perception. But moving from the perceptual domain to the hallucinatory and dreaming domain with these tools requires a prior careful examination of the similarities and differences across these domains. The authors point in the right direction for studying dream experience, but underestimate the objective and subjective differences between domains, producing thereby both an unwarranted blurring of their boundaries and an unnecessary explanatory burden on the approach defended.