Juan López

The aim of this paper is to prove how what is apparently a mistake made by Plutarch, wheter deliberate or not, in his reference to the arson attack of Caesar´s soldiers in Alexandria as the end of the famous Library, show us the common sense of the term “bibliotheke” from that time up to now. Coming to this conclusion has required a detailed analysis of the Library of Alexandria since its birth applying Aristotelian doctrine to its configuration not only as an organized space for books but also as an imaginary reading room from which the helenistic world of relations is established. In a second approach, we focus the attention on the change occurred in this collection with the introduction of alphabetical order and, then, with the philological activity of Callimachus. As a result of his Pinakes, the platonic concept of daimon, “guide”, became the first characteristic o a philologist or librarian. Using the information ordered in the Pinakes anybody could be a librarian and find a library anywhere. The old megále bibliotheke of Alexandría remains only with the idea of the conservation of original papyrus. This is de reason of the enigmatic sentence of Plutarch announcing the end of this situation caused by the action of the fire

Dentro del Humanismo Cristiano se da un concepto preciso de lo que sea la naturaleza humana. El hombre es una unidad intrínseca cuerpo-espíritu; por ello es un ser abierto a todo tipo de realidad, tanto material como espiritual o divina. Ha de construir su propia vida en vista de esta realidad si quiere salvarse individualmente y como especie. Actúa de acuerdo al modelo de vida que escoje y al fin que desea alcanzar. Los modelos de sociedad que construye, las instituciones y normas por las que se rigen las diferentes sociedades responden a ese modelo de vida elegido. Por ello, B. Arias Montano y X. Zubiri, al coincidir en el mismo concepto de hombre, coinciden también en una explicación antropológica y filosófica de los actos humanos y los diferentes modelos de sociedad aparecidos a lo largo de la historia

In this article we are concerned with an analysis of «methodological individualism » that is on the ground of weberian work, as himself states in “Die «Objetivität» sozialwissenschaftlicher und sozialpolitischer Erkenntnis”. This individualism means, not only a scientific methodology , but a accurate subjectivity scheme: the subject is constrained in its ability to provide a thorough meaning to life. Also, this study claims that the German Methodensreit was a central discusión in the weberian theory. The global aim of this article is to emphasize the value of methodological individualism as a way of understanding the society in the scheme of the social action drawn by Max Weber

Rare neuromuscular diseases are a group of pathologies characterized by a progressive loss of muscular strength, atrophy, fatigue, and other muscle-related symptoms, which affect quality of life levels. The low prevalence, high geographical dispersion and disability of these individuals involve difficulties in accessing health and social care services. Teleassistance is presented as a useful tool to perform psychosocial interventions in these situations. The main aim of this research is to assess the effects of a teleassistance psychosocial program on the QoL levels of people with RNMDs who have different levels of disability. A sample of 73 participants was divided into an experimental group, which participated in the intervention, and a control wait list group. QoL was evaluated through the SIP and the SF-36, and disability through the WHO-DAS II. The participants with a moderate to severe level of disability were those who most benefited from the intervention. The results also revealed that the psychosocial teleassistance program was suitable to improve physical and psychosocial aspects of people suffering from a rare neuromuscular disease with a moderate level of disability, but just psychosocial aspects in those with a severe level of disability.

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Creativity Belongs to the Person, not to DiseaseJuan J. López-Ibor Jr. (bio) and María-Inés López-Ibor (bio)Keywordscreativity, patho-biography, Saint Teresa, visionsIn the paper, “From the Visions of Saint Teresa of Jesus to the Voices of Schizophrenia,” Cangas, Sass, and Pérez-Álvarez (2008) take an original approach to patho-biography that is very welcome.The temptation to designate historical individuals or characters of fiction as suffering from mental disease has always produced disagreeable feelings in me. This sort of abuse of psychiatry and of the people in question is parallel to the abuse by the media or lay citizens when they describe, say, an especially violent murderer as a schizophrenic—forgetting that the vast majority of people with schizophrenia are not in the least violent. Having read Santa Teresa’s writings during my adolescence, well before I even considered entering medicine, I reacted to comments about her alleged psychiatric illnesses with uneasiness, to put it mildly. The Santa Teresa of La Vida de la Santa Madre Teresa de Jesús (her autobiography), of the Camino de Perfección, and of the El Castillo Interior was surely not a mental patient, it seemed to me. The same would apply to San Juan de La Cruz, Jean D’Arc, Don Quijote, Sancho Panza, Edipus, and Clitemnestra, to mention a few. Even van Gogh’s paintings did not seem to me the productions of a patient with schizophrenia or epilepsy. Of course all of them may have suffered, at certain periods of life, symptoms attributable to a mental disorder, but their creativity rested elsewhere, and was often manifest during healthy periods of their lives. After years spent fighting the stigma of mental diseases, and after organizing several exhibitions of works of art of people with mental diseases, we came to the conclusion that creativity and singularity belong to the person, not to the illness. Some of the diseases of these individuals may have being accidents (van Gogh’s hallucinations and psychotic symptoms, for example, were most probably due to intoxications with absinthe, then rich in hallucinogenic alkaloids such as tujone), or, together with other life circumstances, may have had unspecific influences on the person’s condition. In contrast with many other psychiatric disorders that are represented in ancient Greek and Roman literature, there are no descriptions of individuals with schizophrenia in the Greek and Roman literature dating from the fifth century bc to the beginning of the second century Ad (Evans et al. 2003), and several authors have speculated that schizophrenia did not exist before the eighteenth century (Ellard 1987).Caution is important when dealing with mental health and religious issues in contrast with creativity. The creativity of people suffering from bipolar disorders is well recognized (Jamison 1993) and [End Page 277] the same applies to alcohol and drug intoxication. Tellenbach (1986) has also written on the creativity of depressed persons, although he refers more to the disposition of mood (Schwermut) than to clinical depression as such. The link between melancholia and genius put forward by Aristotle has often been misinterpreted. The philosopher was considering the melancholic temperament and not the melancholic illness as we would understand it today. Of the four temperaments, it is in his view only the melancholic that is gifted with creativity. The sanguine person seeks the immediate pleasures of life, the choleric one considers himself powerful and dedicates himself to manifesting this power, and the phlegmatic individual is disconnected from life and seeks to live without effort or pleasure. The melancholic temperament leads to creativity because of the predominance of doubt, reflection, and dissatisfaction with the miseries of life.Freud’s notion of religiosity as a collective obsessive neurosis is totally mistaken, in my view. The three main themes of obsessions are cleanliness, order, and guilt. In none of these cases is the theme the goal of the action; rather, it is a strategy to contain anxiety. As a consequence, patients with obsessions and compulsions about dirt and cleanliness tend to be dirty themselves, because the real purpose of their compulsions is not in fact to be clean but rather to satisfy a ritual. When order...

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Anthropological Perspectives in Psychiatric NosologyJuan J. López-Ibor Jr. (bio) and María-Inés López-Ibor (bio)KeywordsDSM, etiology, Aristotelian causes, social dramasPsychiatry and clinical psychology, as we learn in this paper, are disciplines in need of an ontological perspective. Very few branches of contemporary learning share this characteristic. Probably only theoretical physic and theology—as the rest have long ago given up trying to define and understand the essence of their object, for example, life in the case of biology or mind in psychology. Consequently, the paper by Pérez-Álvarez, Sass and García-Montes, “The Ontology of Mental Disorders in Constructivist Perspective,” (2008) should be welcomed and indeed included in the reading lists for trainees in psychiatry and clinical psychology.The authors propose an approach to the understanding of mental disorders that is extremely attractive and well articulated, and which also has practical implications for clinicians. It is not just another “philosophical divertimento” devoid of scientific and practical importance. Let us analyze the article in an orderly way.Less DsmThe authors of the target paper disapprove of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-III/IV approach to defining illnesses by starting from the symptoms that are present—on the grounds that this may lead clinicians to assume that their sole role is to identify, fight, and suppress the symptoms by whichever procedure. They propose an alternative that is dear to myself because it follows the path of the so-called “anthropological” psychiatry of Binswanger, von Gebsattel, Erwin Strauss, Zutt, López-Ibor, Sr., and others. In essence, this is a phenomenological approach to the meaning of mental diseases, one that emphasizes how the illness is revealed to the patient him- or herself.The target article’s criticism of DSM should be considered in the context of the abuses committed on its behalf. The DSM is not a textbook of psychiatric disorders, nor does it contain a definition of the diseases. The DSM does not tell what a disease is (Klerman et al. 1984)—something that is impossible with a classification system based on the manifestations of the diseases, the signs and symptoms. The DSM, as its title states, is just a diagnostic and statistical manual, which does not contain anything about the origin of [End Page 259] any disease nor an explanation of why it exists or what it means. The DSM is, in fact, just a tool to determine whether a disease is present, and therefore to facilitate communication between professionals and with other individuals, without saying anything about the disease’s aitia—a key term (associated with notions of essence as well as cause) to be discussed below. In theory, most clinicians should understand these limitations; it may be, however, that this is not really the case for many who read or use the DSM. In the world there are around 200,000 psychiatrists; since 1980 the number of DSM copies sold is in the order of several hundred thousand.The misuse of a classification system is even more noticeable in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 Research Version. The instructions for the use of this version recommend that the first step is to make an inventory of all the symptoms present, and then to construct a diagnosis based on them. This how all computer-assisted systems work. This procedure can, however, only be valid if the clinician has already reached a diagnostic conclusion by other means—a diagnosis then to be confirmed for research purposes. It may be that this is one of the reasons why the ICD-10 Research Version has almost never actually been used for research.Furthermore, the concept of symptoms in psychiatry applies only to organic mental disorders (Schneider 1959), conditions in which the patient’s attitude and way of experiencing the symptoms do not play the kind of role that they play in schizophrenia and other mental disorders. The quotation from the important paper by Sass and Parnas in this context is most appropriate. It is indeed that case that “subjective experience can play an important causal role in the progressive experiential transformations of a developing schizophrenic illness...

Este artículo pretende realizar un análisis semiótico del rito dancístico del pascol, el cual se distingue por ser una de las prácticas culturales más importantes de los indígenas rarámuri que radican en la región de barrancas de la sierra occidental del noroeste de México. A través del análisis de la semiosis de este rito dancístico intentaremos mostrar cómo es el proceso de significación interpretativa que le otorgan los rarámuri para explicar su cosmovisión. Se tendrá como finalidad dar cuenta que esta práctica cultural es un símbolo esencial del proceso de la asociación de signos cuya acción o influencia compone una parte sustantiva de la cosmovisión de este grupo étnico, que tiene entre sus principales funciones mantener algunos preceptos socioculturales para la estabilidad futura de las familias y la comunidad.

El artículo es uno de los resultados de la tesis denominada: El derecho administrativo desde el nuevo contexto constitucional a partir del cine colombiano: Dos mujeres y una vaca y El abrazo de la serpiente, realizada como trabajo final para la Maestría en Derecho Administrativo de la Universidad Autónoma Latinoamericana. En el artículo Cine y Derecho se plantean como dos producciones culturales de honda trascendencia en las sociedades actuales y, particularmente el cine aborda nuevas miradas sobre diversos fenómenos sociales, políticos y jurídicos, que le permite evidenciar matices, lecturas y puntos de vista. Por esto el artículo tiene como objetivo repensar el Derecho Administrativo utilizando el análisis fílmico como herramienta para descifrar las conexiones entre cine y ésta disciplina jurídica. Para ello se analizan dos películas en función de visibilizar sus conexiones con el Derecho Administrativo. En Dos mujeres y una vaca se evidencia que la película constituye una interpelación desde el séptimo arte a una sociedad que no se reconoce en la memoria de la guerra que ha padecido y a un Estado que no garantiza eficazmente las seguridades vitales, derechos y propiedades de los ciudadanos. En el caso El abrazo de la serpiente la película constituye un llamado para que el Estado fomente una visión más amplia y holística de la naturaleza que reconozca la integralidad y codependencia de todos los elementos naturales en el ecosistema. Ambas películas hacen un llamado al Estado que supone generar un cambio de paradigma, transformar profunda y fundamentalmente la administración pública, orientar la vocación de servicio público al bien común.

Previamente a la realización de una intervención médica, el paciente tiene derecho a expresar su libre conformidad con ésta. Para ello, dicha conformidad debe ir precedida de la información pertinente que le permita decidir según sus intereses. Como correlato de este derecho surge la obligación del médico de informar al paciente y de recabar su consentimiento antes de llevar a cabo su actividad. De esto se trata el consentimiento informado, que se ha convertido en un derecho consolidado y con plena vigencia en la mayoría de Estados democráticos. Desde hace algunas décadas, su reconocimiento ha producido que, a nivel europeo y particularmente en España, se aprecie un incremento notable de las reclamaciones judiciales por defectos de información en la asistencia sanitaria. Hoy en día, el consentimiento informado es el argumento principal de las demandas. En esta obra se lleva a cabo un estudio detallado de la figura del consentimiento informado, acudiendo a diferentes disciplinas como la Historia, la Bioética y el Derecho comparado. Se hace especial énfasis en su naturaleza jurídica y sus elementos característicos, sin perder de vista los problemas que pueden presentarse en la práctica diaria. También se centra en determinar las consecuencias jurídicas que surgen de la vulneración de este derecho desde la perspectiva de la responsabilidad civil, prestando gran interés a la relación de causalidad y al posible daño moral que se pueda generar.

Este artículo es una discusión con el concepto platónico de diálogo entendido como comedia, Plato’s Cratylus: The Comedy of Language (Ewegen, 2014. No hay traducción al español) fue usado como el recurso central de este artículo, el cual provee la base para diferentes interpretaciones en América Latina como las que defiende la profesora Buarque (2011) en nuestra región y, de manera mucho más general Gregorio Lury et al. (2018) en Ibero America. Sumado a ello, a diferencia del trabajo mencionado, este trabajo lleva a cabo una comparación con la obra de Platón usando una metodología de carácter hermenéutico basado en los escritos de Platón y sus múltiples referencias a la risa a través de su reflexión escrita; se toma como punto de referencia la consigna hermenéutica de tomar la clara interpretación como un todo. El presente trabajo tiende entonces, a diferencia de la propuesta de Ewegen, a establecer el esfuerzo platónico mucho más próximo a a la tragedia que a la comedia como género de interpretación. Aunque existan secciones referidas enteramente a asuntos graciosos en los cuales el humor se aprecia, esta no puede ser la clave para la interpretación platónica como lo sostiene el enfoque de Ewegen. La forma del diálogo platónico debe ser entendida en un proyecto educativo, es decir de transformación.

Heidegger’s late writings make constant allusion to a way of thinking that differs from metaphysics. While in metaphysical thinking we wander away from being, in the new thinking we are only in relation to being. For Heidegger, the only way to get out of the first and reach the second one is through a leap. This paper aims to clarify why there is only one way to access this new way of thinking and to defend that this is the radicalization of the phenomenological maxim. To achieve this goal, the paper characterizes metaphysical thinking as erratic thinking; next, it characterizes the leap, understood as a sudden step to the unconcealment of being; and finally, it presents the consequences of these characterizations and the contrast between them.

In this chapter the most significant characteristics and functionalities of an energy management system for microgrids are introduced. For this, the definitions of hierarchical control layers are considered. First, the main concepts and modules of the hierarchical control structure of a generalized EMS are presented. Then, energy management function is represented as an optimization problem, described as the simultaneous solution of both, a unit commitment problem and an economic load dispatch problem. An extension of the energy management problem is also formulated based on an optimal power flow. Second, the advantages and disadvantages of using either a centralized or a decentralized EMS approach are discussed. Finally, since the energy management problem is represented as an optimization problem, the most common methodologies and solution algorithms used in the specialized literature are discussed, including metaheuristics, mixed-integer linear approximations, and nonlinear approaches, as well as software tools for implementing models and simulations.

El Régimen jurídico que regula la prestación de los servicios públicos, específicamente los servicios públicos domiciliarios, ha variado sustancialmente, desde que la clásica noción de servido público comenzó a entrar en crisis, debido a las transformaciones sociales, políticas y, especialmente, económicas del entorno internacional, hasta la actualidad, en la que la actividad de servicio público es considerada como una actividad económica de gran trascendencia social. Colombia, no ajena a esta nueva realidad internacional, ajustó su ordenamiento jurídico desde la propia Constitución Política, creando un escenario jurídico acorde con los requerimientos del mercado, para garantizar, con ello, la posibilidad de libre competencia económica entre los operadores públicos y privados. En este contexto, es en el que las empresas oficiales prestadoras de servidos públicos, han sido dotadas de un régimen contractual que les permite competir con los operadores privados, y frontar los nuevos retos sociales y económicos de un mundo globalizado.

Resumo: As elites econômicas intervieram historicamente no sistema educacional chileno e, nos últimos tempos, consolidaram sua posição no quadro da extrema privatização promovida pela reforma neoliberal. O poder corporativo na educação aparece hoje como um poder paraestatal que afeta a organização e os rumos que os sistemas educacionais tomam, no atual contexto de globalização capitalista. No Chile, o princípio constitucional da liberdade de ensino permitiu a organização de um mercado educacional, que finalmente reproduz o poder da elite sobre o próprio sistema. No contexto de apresentação de propostas para uma nova constituição, o poder corporativo se mostra próprio. Quais são os principais elementos que defende nesta conjuntura? Como é possível estabelecer limites? Palavras Chave: Educação Pública; Debate Constitucional; Poder Corporativo; Reforma Educacional Neoliberal. Corporate power in the constitutional educational debate in Chile Abstract: Economic elites have historically intervened in the Chilean education system, and in recent times they have consolidated their position in the framework of extreme privatization promoted by the neoliberal reform. Corporate power in education appears today as a parastatal power that affects the organization and meaning taken by educational systems, in the current context of capitalist globalization. In Chile, the constitutional principle of freedom of education has made it possible to organize an educational market, which ultimately reproduces the power of the elite over the system itself. In the context of presenting proposals for a new constitution, corporate power shows its own. What are the main elements you defend at this juncture? How is it possible to set limits on them? Key Words: Public Education; Constitutional Debate; Corporate Power; Neoliberal Education Reform. El poder corporativo en el debate educativo constitucional en Chile Resumen: Las élites económicas han intervenido históricamente en el sistema educativo chileno, y en el último tiempo han consolidado su posición en el marco de extrema privatización promovida por la reforma neoliberal. El poder corporativo en educación aparece hoy como un poder para-estatal que incide en la organización y sentido que toman los sistemas educativos, en el actual contexto de globalización capitalista. En Chile, el principio constitucional de libertad de enseñanza ha permitido organizar un mercado educativo, el cual finalmente reproduce el poder de la élite sobre el propio sistema. En el contexto de presentación de propuestas para una nueva constitución el poder corporativo muestra las suyas. ¿Cuáles son los principales elementos que defienden en esta coyuntura? ¿Cómo es posible ponerles límites? Palabras clave: Educación Pública; Debate Constitucional; Poder Corporativo; Reforma Educativa Neoliberal. Data de registro: 27/06/2022 Data de aceite: 26/10/2022.

La profesión médica siempre ha estado dispuesta al servicio del hombre, lo cual ha exigido, históricamente, que se establecieran y desarrollaran diferentes juramentos, códigos y leyes sobre el actuar del médico, así como la aplicación de responsabilidades y gratificaciones o castigos derivados de sus actos. Este trabajo pretende definir y analizar la presencia de los principios rectores de la bioética en el juramento hipocrático, la declaración de Ginebra y en la fórmula para hoy del Juramento de Hipócrates del doctor Herranz, así como busca demostrar la importancia de su cumplimiento en la práctica médica contemporánea. Para finalizar se presenta, la que se considera la mejor propuesta de juramento de acuerdo con los principios rectores de la bioética personalista con fundamentación ontológica.

En el presente artículo se cuestiona el uso que en derecho colombiano tradicionalmente se le ha dado al vocablo acción, demostrando para ello, el error conceptual que de tiempo atrás se ha venido afianzando, y que suele tener profundas consecuencias en la vida práctica, especialmente evidentes en el sacrificio de los derechos sustanciales de las partes que acuden a la administración de justicia, en espera de una solución a sus conflictos y se encuentran por el contrario, con el riesgo latente de ver truncadas sus reclamaciones debido a la supuesta escogencia errónea de la acción.