Kitija Mirončuka

The author Kitija Mirončuka in her article "Human Savages: Frantz Fanon and Racism" analyses how race, a seemingly constant human trait (natural phenomenon), becomes a condition for exclusion, differentiation, and violence (i.e., abnormality). In the article, the body is portrayed as a formalizable object; the author deliberates whether the natural origin is something changeable and exceptional. Introducing the Franco-Algerian philosopher Frantz Fanon, the author focuses on biopolitical practices and forms of violence that imperceptibly incorporate new concepts of human - Algerian appearance, lifestyle, movement, and habits - savagery, animalism, abnormality, extremeness, and unacceptability. The article reviews three perspectives - body and race, body and skin colour, body and rhythm - to indicate that all these features, although common to many bodies, nevertheless, are selectively used to either normalize or discriminate a person based on appearance or cultural and ethnic affiliations.

This article explores the confluence of human knowledge (human research) with terrorism research and just war theory. After a brief overview of leading trends in both the world and Latvia that outlines the shortcomings of the conventional terrorism research – the analytical weakness and methodological negligence, in other words, overreliance on secondary materials, the structural linkage with the industries of security and counterinsurgency, and dependence on the government and military industries, epistemological principles of ‘ignorance’ and methodical ‘problem solving’. The article goes on to look at another strand of terrorism research – critical research of terrorism, which emphasizes the cultural, social and political context. Integrating the insights of critical theory, the critical terrorism research addresses the problem of terrorism in a broader sense, namely, from the viewpoint of human knowledge (human research), and emphasizes the emancipatory purpose (universality of human value), challenging the role of the state in terrorism research. Emphasizing the importance of human research and the principles of humanism, the article offers an insight into the just war theory that has traditionally focused on interstate wars, but currently is increasingly being reinterpreted to view terrorism in a meaningful way. As warfare changes, so does war, and terrorism likewise. Therefore, understanding of these forms of violence needs to be critically evaluated. Humanism as a recognition of human responsibility in the context of organized violence is simply a methodological framework that encourages researchers to consider human activities, including violent human characteristics.