Lixiao Lin

© 2015 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved. Solute carrier transporters — a family of more than 300 membrane-bound proteins that facilitate the transport of a wide array of substrates across biological membranes — have important roles in physiological processes ranging from the cellular uptake of nutrients to the absorption of drugs and other xenobiotics. Several classes of marketed drugs target well-known SLC transporters, such as neurotransmitter transporters, and human genetic studies have provided powerful insight into the roles of more-recently characterized SLC transporters in both rare and common diseases, indicating a wealth of new therapeutic opportunities. This Review summarizes knowledge on the roles of SLC transporters in human disease, describes strategies to target such transporters, and highlights current and investigational drugs that modulate SLC transporters, as well as promising drug targets.

De se exceptionalism is the view that de se attitudes pose a distinctive problem for traditional theories of propositional attitudes. A recent argument for de se exceptionalism attempts to prove that the distinctive problem of de se attitudes has something to do with the role of de se attitudes in explaining actions. The argument is based on cases where two subjects appear to hold all the same relevant beliefs and desires but perform different actions. This argument is currently the most compelling defence of de se exceptionalism in the literature. This paper rejects the argument by proposing a novel model of action explanation, according to which agents perform what they consider to be the best actions. I will argue that the cases, upon which the recent argument for de se exceptionalism relies, are philosophically uninteresting. Traditional theories of propositional attitudes can accommodate them with ease. I will conclude that de se exceptionalism should be rejected.