Ludovico Zizzo

This article reconsiders Nietzsche’s “middle-period” work by focusing on the overlooked relationship between his ideal of the “free spirit” and his project of moral-cultural reformation. Departing from his earlier Romantic stance, Nietzsche critiques the limitations of artistic creativity in addressing modern cultural decadence, diagnosing its tendency toward an unproblematic relation to moral values and ultimately a “tyrannical” kind of pessimism. He recasts the cultural role of philosophy as a psychological therapeutic art to criticize and imaginatively reinterpret moral values while preserving their affective vitality. Within this framework, the free spirit emerges as an anti-dogmatic ideal, balancing intellectual rigor with noble sentiments like magnanimity and love. The article traces this shift across four themes: (1) Nietzsche’s break from artistic symbolism, (2) the “tyrannical” risks of Romantic ideals, (3) psychology’s dual role in devaluating and revaluating values, and (4) the free spirit’s creative, experimental ethos as a corrective to cultural decadence.