Luis Martinez

Merleau-Ponty propone en su Fenomenología de la percepción la "Teoría existencial de la historia" con la cual busca sacar al materialismo histórico de un reduccionismo, el de pretender definir el drama de la existencia por medio de significaciones puramente económicas. Para el autor francés existe un importante ámbito de libertad y de intereses individuales que también pueden influir en el rumbo histórico. Este ensayo hace un análisis histórico del siglo XX sobre el sentido económico e ideológico a partir de dicha teoría.

In his work, *On the Origin of Species*, Darwin addresses the topic of beauty and establishes an innovative proposal regarding the subject. Traditionally, aesthetic attraction has been understood as a cultural product exclusive to humankind; however, this naturalist postulates it as another element of natural selection. Beauty should be understood as a predisposition to find pleasure in certain traits, so that the more beautiful being is more attractive, and therefore the more desired and with a greater chance of survival. Beauty, then—according to Darwin—is not an exclusive product of humankind, but rather encompasses all species in nature and functions as a means of survival.

Automated deduction based on contradiction separation extends the binary resolution principle, offering a novel approach to deductive inference rules. Constructing standard contradictions is essential for its efficiency. This paper systematically investigates two new types of standard contradictions in propositional and first‐order logic, enriching the library of standard contradictions and enhancing its effectiveness. First, we define two types of standard contradictions: sign‐boundary contradictions and diagonal vacancy‐type contradictions. Next, we propose the corresponding construction methods and present their properties related to contradiction composition and literal addition. Furthermore, we explore the transformations between these two types of contradictions and analyze the conditions necessary to construct standard contradictions. Finally, we extend these findings to first‐order logic, demonstrating their applicability in more complex logical systems.

The text examines the different analytical scenarios from which what is known as Ellacurian studies can be approached, highlighting its complexity and the need for an integrative reading. Various approaches are identified, ranging from his philosophical and theological contributions to his impact on politics and education, avoiding reductionisms that might fragment his legacy. Hence, the notion of the total Ellacuría is proposed as an appropriate interpretation, as it emphasizes the interconnection of these domains, advocating for a holistic vision that recognizes the unity of his work.

La obra de Marx fue objeto, ya desde su aparición, de enconados debates entre seguidores entusiastas y detractores furibundos. La razón no podía ser más evidente. El dominio económico y social de la burguesía, que hasta el denominado período Biedermeier (1814-1848) resultaba indiscutible, lógico y "de sentido común", empezó a ser seriamente contestado y refutado por diversas versiones del pensamiento revolucionario, señaladamente la versión "científica" de Marx. Pero desde la mitad del siglo XIX hasta nuestros días la reflexión de Marx ha experimentado cambios muy profundos e incluso, como hoy en día, un preocupante languidecimiento. Combatir el actual estado de postración de la teoría de Marx exige entonces la recuperación de su lado más vivo y revolucionario, y a esta labor se han dedicado muchos autores, entre ellos Jesús Romero y Luis Martínez de Velasco. El ideal ético de una humanidad plena y autoconsciente como guía para una praxis revolucionaria encargada de subvertir el orden social existente es el núcleo racional que define, según estos autores, una reflexión como la de Marx, cuyos orígenes románticos toman tierra en la conciencia política y en la praxis de los individuos explotados y pisoteados por las clases dominantes.

The intention of this paper is to question Heidegger’s criticism of Hart mann’s approach to the gnoseological relation and to show that his interpretation of what the Baltic‑German philosopher had in mind in his first major work, Grundzüge einer Metaphysik der Erkenntnis, was biased. I start by presenting the context of the Heidegger‑Hartmann debate on the subject‑object relation. Secondly, I briefly reconstruct Heidegger’s approach to the gnoseological relation and explain why, according to him, Hartmann’s stance is subject to his criticism of the subject‑object relation. I then present the main features of Hartmann’s conception of the gnoseological relation and his peculiar idea of representation as projection as well as his gnoseological stance of human subjects as eccentric beings. Finally, I state a criticism of some of the main features of Heidegger’s conception of Dasein, and I argue that Hartmann’s idea of the subject‑object relation is more accurate in describing and apprehending our reference to the world.

In this paper, we argue that computer simulations can provide valuable insights into the performance of voting methods on different collective decision problems. This could improve institutional design, even when there is no general theoretical result to support the optimality of a voting method. To support our claim, we first describe a decision problem that has not received much theoretical attention in the literature. We outline different voting methods to address that collective decision problem. Under certain criteria of assessment akin to extensions of the Condorcet Jury Theorem, we run simulations for the methods using MATLAB, in order to compare their performance under various conditions. We consider and respond to concerns about the use of simulations in the assessment of voting procedures for policymaking.

_The Liberating Philosophy of Ignacio Ellacuría: Historical Reality, Humanism, and Praxis_ is the first systematic work on the philosophy of Ignacio Ellacuría to be published in English so far. The Spaniard-Salvadorian philosopher—murdered in Salvador in 1989 by the military—maintains that philosophy is a permanent task grounded in metaphysics as first philosophy, as developed within a historical reality and a preferential option for the poor. As explored by this collection edited by Luis Arturo Martínez Vásquez, Randall Carrera Umaña, and Luis Rubén Díaz Cepeda, Ellacuría's theory is a critical and practical proposal immersed in the colonial history of Central America, but its explanatory and normative power extends to oppressed people all around the world. The contributors to this volume, coming from Spain, Mexico, Argentina, Salvador, and Costa Rica, analyze Ellacuría's philosophy of liberation in conjunction with radical realism and strength, describing it as "a philosophy created by people concerned with the problems and history of our land—such as our colonial past, systemic poverty and dependency—and… responding to these concerns can offer alternatives for a true liberation of all the dominated peoples of the world."

Uno de los muchos aspectos novedosos que han surgido con los medios electrónicos de comunicación es la libre discusión de ideas por medio de los «comentarios» o «barra de comentarios» en donde los lectores pueden participar dando sus puntos de vista y argumentos y les permite conocer más y mejores elementos de juicio. Sin embargo también pueden verse diversas prácticas de intolerancia discursiva, de rompimiento del diálogo, de desacreditación e insultos. Este trabajo ahonda en ambos aspectos y presenta como ejemplo la discusión, en dos periódicos con versión electrónica, sobre la posible despenalización de la marihuana en México.

© 2016 Fonseca-García, Coleman-Derr, Garrido, Visel, Tringe and Partida-Martínez.Cactaceae represents one of the most species-rich families of succulent plants native to arid and semi-arid ecosystems, yet the associations Cacti establish with microorganisms and the rules governing microbial community assembly remain poorly understood. We analyzed the composition, diversity, and factors influencing above- and below-ground bacterial, archaeal, and fungal communities associated with two native and sympatric Cacti species: Myrtillocactus geometrizans and Opuntia robusta. Phylogenetic profiling showed that the composition and assembly of microbial communities associated with Cacti were primarily influenced by the plant compartment; plant species, site, and season played only a minor role. Remarkably, bacterial, and archaeal diversity was higher in the phyllosphere than in the rhizosphere of Cacti, while the opposite was true for fungi. Semi-arid soils exhibited the highest levels of microbial diversity whereas the stem endosphere the lowest. Despite their taxonomic distance, M. geometrizans and O. robusta shared most microbial taxa in all analyzed compartments. Influence of the plant host did only play a larger role in the fungal communities of the stem endosphere. These results suggest that fungi establish specific interactions with their host plant inside the stem, whereas microbial communities in the other plant compartments may play similar functional roles in these two species. Biochemical and molecular characterization of seed-borne bacteria of Cacti supports the idea that these microbial symbionts may be vertically inherited and could promote plant growth and drought tolerance for the fitness of the Cacti holobiont. We envision this knowledge will help improve and sustain agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions of the world.

© 2015, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.Planted woodland islets act as sources of seed that may accelerate woodland development in extensive agricultural landscapes. We assessed a 1-ha plot that was planted with 16 100-m2 islets of holm oak Quercus ilex subsp. ballota seedlings near Toledo in 1993. In spring 2014 we measured acorn predation and seedling emergence from seeded acorns at different distances from and orientations around the islets with half of the acorns protected to prevent predation, survival of emerged seedlings, and natural tree establishment outside of the planted islets. Most unprotected acorns were removed or predated. Seedling emergence from protected acorns ranged from 42.9 % on the northern side of the islets to 13.2 % on the southern side, suggesting a less stressful microclimate on the northern side. Survival of naturally established seedlings was 28.6 % by the end of first summer; seedling mortality was chiefly due to drought and herbivory. Density of emerged seedlings, surviving seedlings after first dry season, and established oaks >1-year old was similar at different distances from the islets. Over the 21 year time period, 58 new oak individuals >1-year old have established at an average distance of 6.3 ± 5.4 m away from the closest islet. We conclude that initial oak regeneration triggered by small planted islets in Mediterranean abandoned farmland is slowed down by high acorn predation, seedling herbivory, and stressful microclimatic conditions. Regardless, these islets are a viable tool for regeneration of Mediterranean oak woodland.

Cryosurgery is a surgical technique that employs freezing to destroy target tumor tissue. While the main objective during a cryosurgical procedure is to ensure tissue destruction within the cryolesion, the greatest challenge is how to spare the surrounding healthy tissues from cryoablation. In this work, a historical review of the field of cryosurgery is presented followed by a theoretical study where a mathematical model is developed for cryosurgery on a basal cell carcinoma using liquid nitrogen spray. The model takes into consideration the anatomic structure of skin tissue and the irregular geometry of BCC. In particular, a methodology for quantitatively determining the extent of the intracellular ice formation zone based on the tissue temperature and cooling rate is proposed, which can directly relate to the necrosis of the cancer cells after cryosurgery. The model is then used to analyze formation of the IIF zone during cryosurgery on a BCC and quantification is provided for the volume of the final IIF zone. A parametric study is also carried out to investigate the effect of various protocol parameters on the final IIF zone. The results should be useful for dermatologists for pre-treatment surgery planning.

"œLa primera Begriffsschrift fregeana"Este art��culo ofrece una exposici�n detallada y una evaluaci�n cr��tica del primer sistema fregeano de l�gica seg�n se presenta en la Begriffsschrift de 1879. Se sostiene que este sistema formula los principales problemas que habr��an de convertirse no s�lo en el punto de partida de los desarrollos m�s importantes de Frege en sem�ntica, sino en aquellos que lo condujeron a la posibilidad concreta de fundamentar las matem�ticas en la l�gica."œThe first Frege´s Begriffsschrift"The article presents a detailed exposition and discussion of Frege´s first system of logic as contained in the Begriffsschrift of 1879. This system, is argued, not only poses the main problems which were to become the starting point of Frege´s major developments in semantics, but also conducted him to the concrete possibility of basing mathematics in logic

Resumen: El artí­culo contiene una detallada discusión de los conceptos de reflexión y expresividad en Herder e intenta hacer ver cómo estas nociones constituyen no sólo la base sobre la que se desarrolla la teorí­a herderiana del lenguaje, sino el hilo conductor de las teorí­as herderianas de la historia y la cultura. Las ideas de Herder sobre el lenguaje se confrontan igualmente con otros enfoques nominalistas í la Locke, subrayándose el aspecto creativo y el horizonte de acción que ello implica. Por último, se contrasta la idea de una racionalidad amplia que todo ello sustenta con la de una racionalidad estricta como la defendida por el siglo XVIII. El artí­culo cierra con algunas consideraciones acerca de la relación entre la concepción lingí¼í­stica de Herder y sus concepciones generales, particularmente acerca de la historia.: The paper contains a detailed discussion of the concepts of reflection and expressivity and attempts to exhibit their central role in the Herderian philosophy of language as well as their character as a leading thread throughout Herder"™s theories of culture and history. Herder"™s idea of a wide rationality, which also includes the strict rationality present in the XVIIIth century philosophy, is also discussed. The article ends with a general comparison between Kant and Herder concerning reason