Mary Sarah Angoluan

Novels have been considered mirrors of social realities. In Soledad S. Reyes’ work Values of Love and Marriage in the Tagalog Novels (1980), with the help of 25 novels, Reyes reveals the Filipino concept of love and marriage and how such concepts are influenced by parents, society, and family members to adhere to the idealized love and marriage. Taking Reyes’ work as true, this paper will look into Reyes’ work and her conclusion that the concept of love and marriage are networks that oppress women based on Marilyn Frye’s Oppression (2000). Hence, this paper will conclude that despite Reyes’ work being only one, the novels she has analyzed are numerous, and these novels have different themes which when related to each other will reveal a network that oppresses women to adhere to the idea of women during those times.

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel has been known as one of the philosophers that does not promote environmentalism as most of his works were focused on Nature vis-à-vis Spirit implies anthropocentrism. Hegel was considered a champion of the unqualified industrial exploitation of nature. But recently, researchers deemed that Hegel’s philosophy can accommodate the problems related to environmental philosophy. Hence, this paper will focus on the potentiality of Hegel’s use in Environmentalism, in agreement with Nicholas Mowad’s work The Natural World Spirit : Hegel on the Value of Nature (2012), Alison Stone’s work Petrified Intelligence (2005), and Wendell Kisner’s work The Category of Life, Mechanistic Reduction, and the Uniqueness of Biology (2008). This paper agrees that there are only limited things to which anthropocentrism can be applied in nature and that there is still some essence of nature into which we can know and are true, not being influenced by human phenomena. Thus, the paper holds that it is the concept of Consciousness holds the key to how we can aid environmentalism through Hegel, with our capability of knowing the true nature of the environment, we can then help with aiding the environmental crisis.

Jaime Bulatao is a Filipino scholar renowned in the field of psychology and recognized as one of the pioneers of Filipino Psychology (Sikolohiyang Pilipino). Beyond his contributions to academia, his ideas are significant for emphasizing the connection between psychology and philosophy rooted in Filipino culture. To explore Bulatao’s profound thought, this paper will utilize the twelve discourses of Filipino Philosophy proposed by Demeterio as an analytical framework. These discourses will serve as a guide in analyzing selected works of Bulatao to highlight the distinct philosophy present in his writings. Since philosophy is always linked to the context of history, culture, and personal experience, this study will also give attention to Bulatao’s biography. By revisiting key stages of his life—from his education and vocation as a priest to his contributions to academia—the roots of his ideas and their importance in the Filipino context will become clearer. The paper aims to demonstrate how his academic and philosophical endeavors serve as a bridge for a deeper understanding of the relationship between psychology, philosophy, and Filipino culture.