Mohammadreza Karimi

Kant’s view on existence leads to problems. This paper starts with formulating two of those problems, which were originally discussed by Jerome Shaffer − the problems that I call “the problem of contradiction” and “the problem of triviality”. According to the first problem, existential propositions while should be synthetic, as Kant believed, become analytic. According to the second problem, Kant’s view implies that in the act of predicating either the subjects cannot have exact objects as their extensions or nothing could be a real predicate. Then, I will look at very briefly different approaches to these problems. Finally, it will be shown that the abovementioned two problems can find satisfactory solutions if Kant’s views on existence are interpreted, not on the basis of the post-Fregean approaches, but on the basis of the same assumptions of his preceding philosophers the assumptions whose background can be traced back to Descartes’, Gassendis’, Aquinas’, and before them, Ibn Sina’s thesis concerning essence, existence and their relation.

Husserl and Strauss are two philosophers that intended to reform philosophic thought and thereupon political philosophy. But despite of common view about end and foundations, how and why Husserl is included in the class of pioneers of battle against metaphysical philosophy and Strauss is reputed against him as the leader of classic and Conservative Philosophy? According to Thomas Spreagens’ epistemological method, even though this Germanic teacher and his pupil have common preoccupation about the sunset of philosophical truth-seeking thought, their different understanding of themes of this crisis and ideal aspect have been ended in different and maybe opposite philosophies. Unlike Husserl who set a kind of Humanism and inter-subjective understanding as intellectual and cultural base for his plan, i.e. Phenomenology, Strauss talks about the natural essence of political issues and dependence of political philosophy on regulations which are out of human’s control. Thus, the type of post-metaphysical political philosophy that finds political objects inside ordinary life and social and historical relations and understandings is derived from Husserl’s Phenomenology, but Strauss’ insistence on classic political philosophy cautiously seeks to answer fundamental and pervasive political questions, while continuously and modestly exploring the nature of political issues.

© 2015 by The American Society of Hematology.In allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, controlling graft-versus-host disease while maintaining graft-versus-tumor responses is of critical importance. Using a mouse model of allogeneic HSCT, we hereby demonstrate that NKG2D expression by CD8 + T cells plays a major role in mediating GVHD and GVT effects by promoting the survival and cytotoxic function of CD8 + T cells. The expression of NKG2D ligands was not induced persistently on normal tissues of allogeneic HSCT-recipient mice treated with anti-NKG2D antibody, suggesting that transient NKG2D blockade might be sufficient to attenuate GVHD and allow CD8 + T cells to regain their GVT function. Indeed, short-term treatment with anti-NKG2D antibody restored GVT effects while maintaining an attenuated GVHD state. NKG2D expression was also detected on CD8 + T cells from allogeneic HSCT patients and trended to be higher in those with active GVHD. Together, these data support a novel role for NKG2D expression by CD8 + T cells during allogeneic HSCT, which could be potentially therapeutically exploited to separate GVHD from GVT effects.