Mohammed Ali

This paper develops a fully axiomatized, measure-theoretic framework for the problem of identity preservation across ontological layers of differing informational complexity. We model three state spaces as metric probability spaces X, Y, Z equipped with Shannon entropy H_S and a normalized rate-distortion metric D(X,X_hat) := H_S(X|X_hat)/H_S(X) in [0, 1]. Identity is defined operationally via mutual information: X_t ~ X_t+dt if and only if I(X_t;X_t+dt) >= \theta. Three lemmas establish the mathematical foundations: (L1) D is a well-defined normalized metric; (L2) a mapping G is lossless if and only if D = 0; (L3) direct material projection produces monotonic information degradation. From these lemmas we derive three theorems. Theorem 1 (Collapse): any direct projection f:X->Z produces a critical time t_c Y in an intermediate space Y. Theorem 3 (Uniqueness): the unique compositional path is H* = B_2* o G_2 o S. The framework further shows that decomposition events are informationally reversible (\Delta I = 0, \Delta Q = 0), and that re-composition through B_2* constitutes a perfect lossless channel. Intermediate ontological structures are thereby established as mathematical necessities, not metaphysical postulates.

Debate on Second Language Acquisition is not just about the concept but also about the real-world facts that underlie each study's findings. To better understand how children and adults learn languages, more research has needed in the field of Second Language Acquisition. Children and adults discover their first and second languages through this study. Purposive sampling has been used to identify the participants' ages, which were a mix of children and adults. Who handpicked six people based on a set of criteria? A content analysis technique has been used to assess all of the data gathered during the investigation. The results demonstrated that a fetus has tried to acquire noises subconsciously since it has been alive inside the mother's womb, especially for up to three months. The three aspects of the Phased Process Approach, namely Subconscious Acquisition, Conscious Acquisition, and Learning, define language proficiency. As early as the age of two or three, youngsters can make sense of any information they receive since they are capable of retaining meaning. The purchase procedure has already begun the learning process. Research shows that youngsters learn to speak in stages depending on how quickly their brain grows. Children and adults both learn languages in the same way, albeit adults face different challenges when mastering their first language because adults have a far more solid foundation in their first language than children do.

In the past decade, Ethiopia has demonstrated a strong ideological convention to the East-Asian model of ‘developmental state’, which stands for state-led industrialisation as its underlying industrial policy premise. Nevertheless, the labour rights externalities of this industrial policymaking have been overlooked in the existing academic and practical policy debates. Hence, using qualitative empirical data, the article attempts to address the research gap by analysing why and how Ethiopia’s state-led industrialisation and the corporate behaviours of apparel-exporting firms, as well as their respective global brand buyers, have contributed to the existing poverty wages and repressive practices against the associational rights of local industrial workers at those selected apparel-exporting industrial parks of the country. The maxim of industrialisation with a human face has increasingly become a promising alternative to the neoclassical intellectual view of labour relations following its fundamentals towards achieving a more sustainable industrial development in a given state. In light of this human right imperative, the finding revealed Ethiopia’s stateled industrialisation has firmly embraced strong business-state alliances, thereby curbing the power of local industrial workers. The Ethiopian government employs diverse de facto or de jure labour control mechanisms across those selected apparel-exporting industrial parks of the country. This is manifested through poverty wages and repressive measures todeny the associational rights of workers. Further, the flawed Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of employing firms and their respective global brands have contributed to the ongoing labour abuses across those selected apparel-exporting firms. Hence, Ethiopia’s industrial policy is expected to navigate a reasonable balance between facilitating industrial catch-up and ensuring labour standards for more viable and sustainable labour relations.

Deferred sale, in the Islamic Banking and Financeworld widely known as Bai’ bi thaman ajil, is used as an extension toProfit-sale ; both sales complement each other. The Profitsalesells the commodity with profit over the cost price, and BBA plays the roleof receiving that payment on deferred or instalment basis. BBA has becomethe “premier consumer financing facility” for the Islamic financial institutions. This paper deals with deferred sale precisely. It looks into its origin andits transition from void to valid sale. Its application as trade contract and itsmodern application as financing tool is analysed in the light of the maqāṣidSharīʿah.