Muhammad Mustafa Rashid

This paper introduces a speculative reinterpretation of gravity, termed the “ground is falling to apple” theory. Unlike Newtonian and Einsteinian frameworks that allow for stable orbital motion, this perspective denies the long-term possibility of orbit. Instead, all masses are in continuous mutual motion toward one another, such that orbital stability is ultimately unsustainable. We formalize the idea with a discrete-time time-slot propagation model in which objects re-form each tick of time and an effective gravitational strength depends on a temporal density parameter. The account is intentionally nonstandard and conflicts with established physics; its value here is conceptual and programmatic.

Building on the system of reason provided for by the Greek philosopher and specifically Aristotle, St. Thomas Aquinas built a comprehensive system and theory of natural law which has lasted through the ages. The theory was further developed in the Middle Ages and in the Enlightenment Ages by many a prominent philosopher and economist and has been recognized in the Modern Age. The natural law-theory and system has been repeatedly applied to the spheres of economic thought and has produced many lasting contributions such as private property rights and individual rights. In recent times with the collapses of the financial system and rapid globalization, there has been a renewed interest in the application of natural law theory to economics to counter a certain anthropology and distortion of values created by a modern economic system of selfpreservation deriving its insights from the philosophies of Thomas Hobbes and Niccolo Machiavelli