Oksana Somova

Introduction. The article reveals some methodological aspects of the phenomenological discussion of the personal subject. The dispute is caused by realistic tendencies in phenomenology, according to which the totality of properties of a thing allows us to assert the existence of their ontological basis, which is contained in the essence of the thing. In the case of a human being, such ontological foundation is the soul, which determines the basic characteristics of the personality that exist prior to any constitution. Theoretical analysis. The article argues for the contradictory nature of such concepts by appealing to M. Heidegger’s method of work. Firstly, justification is associated with the absence of obvious givenness of any essence within immanent perception, secondly, ontological categories of the structure of the personal subject are a tribute to the previous philosophical tradition, not its criticism, and thirdly, postulation of the ontological basis of properties continue the naturalistic explanation of natural sciences. Conclusion. A conclusion is made about the closeness of Heidegger’s method of philosophising to the original beginnings of phenomenology, as well as to the requirements of the phenomenology of the spiritual world set out in the second volume of Husserl’s "Ideas". The hypothesis is put forward according to which further study of the personal subject can be continued beyond the framework of substantialist concepts.

Introduction.The article is aimed at identifying the problematic place of temporal foundations of everyday life, formulated in the framework of phenomenological sociology. The concept of everyday life outlined by A. Schütz is based on the conceptual provisions of E. Husserl’s philosophy about the inner consciousness of time and A. Bergson, who distinguished the refl exive self and the vital unity of conscious processes. Theoretical analysis.The author reveals the thesis that the correlation between the past and the present is the basis of everyday thinking and, together with spatial proximity, forms the area of the typical. The temporal sequence of the elements of the typifi cations chain is expressed in an assumed relation to the world, where the occurrence of an event leads to a calculated result. The horizon of contemporaries plays a key role in the everyday cognitive attitude, in which the correlation of subjective and objective times takes place, which means a close connection between the everyday cognitive attitude and objective knowledge. Everyday thinking is intertwined with the intersubjective world of social reality and transcends the limits of everyday inter action. Conclusions. The mechanism of functioning of everyday life identifi es knowledge and freedom, therefore, it has an all-encompassing character of ordering knowledge and extends to the areas of scientifi c and creative thinking too.