Pablo González

Resumen: El texto expresa la incidencia del pensamiento de Pablo Guadarrama en el pensamiento filosófico cubano y latinoamericano, desde el ejercicio de formación, docencia y acompañamiento a otras generaciones de profesionales de la filosofía. Se valora la autobiografía en su integralidad como texto que expone la evolución teórica del pensamiento filosófico de Guadarrama en particular en dos temas: la utopía y el socialismo. Abstract: The text expresses the impact of Pablo Guadarrama's thought on Cuban and Latin American philosophical thought, from the exercise of training, teaching and accompaniment to other generations of philosophy professionals. The autobiography is valued in its entirety as a text that exposes the theoretical evolution of Guadarrama's philosophical thought, particularly in two themes: utopia and socialism.

Resumen: Se propone una valoración de las principales etapas, corrientes y representantes de la filosofía en Cuba desde la época colonial hasta la actualidad. Se destacan las preocupaciones de los ilustrados cubanos por articularse a la filosofía moderna en la cuestión del método y en la ética. Se valora la significación progresista del positivismo sui generis en el siglo XIX y la reacción contra él con la proliferación de diversas corrientes epistemológicas y axiológicas de corte esencialmente irracionalista, fenomenológico y existencialista hasta mediados del siglo XX. Se analiza el predominio del marxismo en sus diversas orientaciones a partir de la orientación socialista del proceso revolucionario cubano. Se considera que los más auténticos representantes de la filosofía en Cuba se han caracterizado por ideas contrahegemónicas y cultivadoras de un humanismo práctico, distanciadas de posturas metafísicas. Abstract: A valuation of the main stages, currents and representatives of philosophy in Cuba from colonial times to the present day is proposed. The concerns of the Cuban enlightenment to articulate themselves to modern philosophy on the question of method and ethics are highlighted. The progressive significance of sui generis positivism in the nineteenth century and the reaction against it with the proliferation of various epistemological and axiological currents of an essentially irrationalist, phenomenological and existentialist nature until the middle of the twentieth century are valued. The predominance of marxism in its various orientations is analyzed from the socialist orientation of the Cuban revolutionary process. It is considered that the most authentic representatives of philosophy in Cuba have been characterized by counter-hegemonic ideas and cultivators of a practical humanism, distanced from metaphysical positions.

The development of philosophy in Latin America has also constituted, as in other latitudes, a process of mental and counter-hegemonic emancipation, one that involves overcoming alienating mechanisms. It has not been a simple mimetic reproduction of European philosophy. Latin American thinkers have addressed specific problems of their respective historical contexts using universal epistemological instruments and, at the same time, have contributed valuable ideas to the universal culture. The main stages, features, and representatives of philosophy in Latin America are synthetically analyzed. The existence of philosophy in its original civilizations is questioned. The debates on the human condition of the Indigenous people in scholasticism stand out; the contributions of Enlightenment philosophy to the development of science, education, and the promotion of independence; the roles of spiritualism, eclecticism, and romanticism in the ideological debate between conservatism and liberalism; the reasons for the progressive character and specificity of sui generis positivism, different from the European one; anti-positivism, which promotes a better understanding of man and Latin American cultural identity; the irrationalism of phenomenology and existentialism; particularities of Marxist philosophy, analytic philosophy, Christian philosophy, liberation philosophy, postmodernist philosophy and decolonial philosophy. The general characteristics of philosophy in the development are specified, especially practical and counter-hegemonic humanism, as a substantial part of Western and universal culture. There are multiple proofs of Latin American philosophical richness that the research of philosophical historiography demonstrates. One of its essential features has been the practical humanism, the authenticity and counter-hegemonic character of the ideas of its leading representatives, which have become a substantial part of Western and universal culture.

Al plantear que la crisis del marxismo no se constituye en lo que se ha dado en llamar la caída del “socialismo real”, encontramos la obra del pensador peruano José Carlos Mariátegui que muestra claramente que si el marxismo se entiende en su “dinamismo crítico dialéctico"', puede ser creativo y pertinente; pero que si pretende ser la única respuesta válida, llega a fosilizarse. El autor muestra, tras una exposición clara y sucinta de la obra de Mariátegui y su interpretación de Marx, cómo puede esta ayudar en la comprensión de la actual crisis del “socialismo real" y, al mismo tiempo, abrir un camino para las propuestas del filósofo alemán.

El humanismo constituye la antítesis de la alienación, pues presupone aquella reflexión y la praxis que se deriva de ella, dirigida a engrandecer la actividad humana, o hacerla cada vez cualitativamente superior en tanto contribuye a que el hombre domine mejor sus condiciones de existencia y se haga más culto. La modernidad implicó la aparición de nuevas formas de alienación no conocidas antes, que fueron impuestas por las relaciones capitalistas en su despliegue multilateral. Sin embargo, dialécticamente ha sido en el seno de la modernidad donde se han dado las premisas filosóficas y científico-teóricas para la mejor comprensión de este fenómeno y donde se han creado las condiciones reales para propiciar las vías de su superación intentadas sin éxito por el “socialismo rear y transpasada como tarea a la postmodernidad.

A 43-year-old man was admitted into the emergency room at our hospital after presenting with a tonic-clonic seizure. MRI showed a right-side operculo-insular tumor. This was treated by performing a craniotomy under general anesthesia with intraoperative monitoring. Tumor resection was started by exploring the temporal and frontal opercula without problems. However, during the resection of the insular compartment, a sudden loss of MEPs was observed. Surgery was stopped immediately, and all the relevant anesthetic parameters, vital signs, anesthetic drugs were reviewed. No retractors had been used at that time, so vasospasm was suspected as the underlying cause of the signal change. An ICG bolus injection confirmed vasospasm in one of the M2 branches running over the insula. A direct vessel massage was performed yet resulted in no apparent improvement in the appearance of the vessel when ICG was injected. Therefore, repeated massage with nimodipine was performed, which resulted in the resolution of the vasospasm. MEPs progressively recovered to base line levels, and surgery could then be finished without further incident. During the postoperative recovery period, no focal deficit was identified, and the postoperative MRI showed a planned subtotal resection without apparent ischemia. The goal of this report is to review the potential causes of such a loss of intraoperative MEPs and its best management in order to prevent postoperative motor deficit and to manage the situation should it occur.

Philosophy is a valuable instrument for analyzing its own history, its methods, its humanistic projection and a cultural phenomenon in its connection with the peace and power of institutions. Culture reflects the degree of man's domination of the conditions of life of his being, of his concrete historical mode of existence, which equally implies control over his conscience and all his spiritual activity, enabling him a greater degree of freedom and Benefit to your community. Culture is an essential element in raising awareness of the power of institutions to prevent the dangers of climate change and the permanent threats of new warlike conflicts to combat terrorism in which the vicious circle of rape is prolonged of human rights.

En la filosofía política latinoamericana predomina una concepción sobre la condición humana,- aunque no siempre se presentase en estos términos-, en lugar de una presunta naturaleza humana, biológicamente determinada o una esencia humana metafísicamente concebida. Los valores por sí mismos, lo mismo éticos que políticos, jurídicos, religiosos, estéticos, etc., no son capaces de realizar absolutamente nada si estos no van acompañados de profundas transformaciones socioeconómico políticas que trascienden su espiritualidad para tratar de convertirse en factor material de impulso al continuo e infinito proceso de enriquecimiento de la condición humana. Este concepto se corresponde mucho mejor con el criterio histórico, holístico, complejo y dialéctico y por tanto contradictorio del perfeccionamiento del hombre en su lucha contra diversas formas de alienación, por lo que resulta más apropiado para concebir el desarrollo progresivo de la democracia y los derechos humanos. Latin American political philosophy is dominated by a conception of the human condition, - though not always he was appearing in these terms-, rather than an alleged human nature, biologically determined or a metaphysically conceived human essence. By themselves, the same ethical values, to political, legal, religious, aesthetic, etc., are not able to do absolutely nothing if they are not accompanied by profound socio-economic political transformations that transcend their spirituality to try to become a material factor of impulse to the infinite and continuous process of enrichment of the human condition. This concept corresponds better with the historical approach, holistic, complex and dialectic and therefore contradictory development of man in their struggle against various forms of alienation, which makes it more appropriate to conceive of the progressive development of democracy and human rights.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo fundamental criticar a los reduccionismosepistemológicos en las ciencias sociales; entre los que se destacan: el reduccionismo geocéntrico, geográfico, economicista, lógico analítico-lingüístico, estructural- funcionalista, hermenéutico, fenomenológico y los reduccionismos emergentes. En contraposición a estos reduccionismos han aparecido en la historia del pensamiento humano, simultáneamente y bajo condiciones similares, diversos enfoques que, con diferentes términos, han tratado de superar estos enfoques reduccionistas: el paradigma dialéctico, holista, de la complejidad y el paradigma poscolonial. Como reflexiones finales de esta investigación podemos destacar que siempre han existido y existirán razones epistémicas suficientemente fundamentadas para concebir -tanto unilateral como multilateralmente- la realidad; y el hecho de que prevalezca una u otra perspectiva dependerá tanto del nivel de desarrollo de la ciencia y la filosofía, como del grado de desarrollo y solución de las contradicciones sociales de la época histórica en que se generen y disuelvan los reduccionismos.Palabras clave: Reduccionismo epistemológico, ciencias sociales, paradigma.This paper aims to criticize the epistemological reductionisms in the socialsciences, among which are: geocentric reductionism, geographic, economic, linguistic, logical analysis, structural-functionalist, hermeneutic, phenomenologicaland emergent reductionism. In contrast to these reductionisms, there are several approaches that have emerged in the history of human thought, that with differentterms, have been trying to overcome these reductionist points of view, such as: thedialectical paradigm, the holistic, the complexity and the postcolonial paradigms.As final thoughts, the paper highlights that there have always been and there willalways be epistemic grounds to conceive -both unilaterally and multilaterally- reality; and the fact that one or another perspective prevails will depend on the level of development of science and philosophy, as well as on the degree of development and solution for social contradictions of the historical epoch in which reductionisms are generated and dissolved.Key words: Epistemological reductionism, social sciences, paradigm.

Se presenta a continuación un estudio comparativo entre Theodor W. Adorno y Guy Debord a través del tratamiento de los puntos nucleares de su pensamiento, abarcando desde sus respectivas críticas al modo de producción capitalista hasta el problema de la organización y la praxis, pasando por otras cuestiones de índole más filosófica como la dialéctica sujeto-objeto o ciertas consideraciones estéticas. El eje articulador de la comparación será, por su parte, la influencia de la obra de Karl Marx en estos autores a la hora de tratar las problemáticas mentadas.

Este texto expone de forma ordenada y sintética los hitos de la filosofía en Cuba. El recorrido inicia con la producción filosófica de la escolástica, la recepción y respuesta, la formación del estudiantado, la creación de escuelas y la universidad como centro privilegiado de la producción textual en filosofía. Movimientos y corrientes como la Ilustración, el Humanismo, entre otros, generan discusiones al interior de las escuelas. Luego, la elaboración filosófica va siendo alimentada por un tipo de pensadores que incursionan en temas universales y generan una clase de escuela más especializada. El recorrido que aquí se presenta es cronológico, de tal forma que evidencia los pasos fuertes del pensamiento filosófico en la Isla.

The notion of social belongingness has been applied to different scales, from individual to social processes, and from subjective to objective dimensions. This article seeks to contribute to this multidimensional perspective on belongingness by drawing from the capabilities and subjective wellbeing perspectives. The specific aim is to analyze the relationships between capabilities—including those related to social belongingness—and individual and social subjective wellbeing. The hypotheses are: There is a relationship between capabilities and individual and social subjective wellbeing; The set of capabilities associated to individual subjective wellbeing differs from the set correlated to social subjective wellbeing; The intensity and significance of the correlation between subjective wellbeing and capabilities depends on whether the latter is measured as evaluation or functioning; and The relationships between capabilities and subjective wellbeing are complex and non-linear. Using a nationally representative survey in Chile, multiple linear and dose response matching regressions between capabilities and subjective wellbeing outcomes are estimated, confirming all hypotheses. Subjective evaluations and effective functionings of some capabilities are consistently correlated with both subjective wellbeing outcomes. Others capabilities are correlated with both subjective wellbeing outcomes only when measured as functionings, do not display a systematic pattern of correlation or are not associated with subjective wellbeing. When observed, correlations are sizable, non-linear, and consistent across estimation methods. Moreover, capabilities related to social belongingness such as “social ties” and “feeling recognized and respected” are important by themselves but also are positively correlated to both social and individual subjective wellbeing. These findings underscore the need of a multidimensional perspective on the relationships between capabilities and subjective wellbeing, considering both subjective and objective, as well as individual and social aspects that are relevant to belongingness. These findings also have practical and policy implications, and may inform public deliberation processes and policy decisions to develop capabilities, promote subjective wellbeing, and ultimately promote positive belongingness.

Se analiza la construcción social del Campo de Tiro Militar de El Teleno como reserva natural a partir de la retórica auspiciada por el “giro ambientalista” del Ministerio de Defensa. Ante la conflictividad existente en Maragatería, esta estrategia de contención deviene en una sublimación ideológica: la posibilidad de la preservación (natural) viene dada por la reproducción necesaria de la destrucción (humana). Por su parte, las estrategias de resistencia han adoptado formas diferentes. Entre ellas, la construcción social del Teleno como patrimonio cultural socava la estrategia de sublimación del C.M.T. como “paraíso natural”, mostrando la fuerte presencia humana previa en la zona. Ambas metanarrativas se han convertido en el pilar fundamental alrededor del cual se organizan las luchas simbólicas entre instituciones y activistas, lo que representa un cambio fundamental al dejar fuera a las personas y las relaciones inmanentes de las comunidades con el bosque. En ambos discursos metaculturales, se reproduce la separación entre naturaleza y cultura tan característica de la modernidad.

This paper explores the underlying factors behind the collapse of commercial archaeology in Spain, with implications for other international contexts. It contributes to the current global debate about heritage ethics, adding nuance and conceptual depth to critical management studies and cultural heritage management in their approach to business ethics. Similar to other European contexts, Spanish archaeological management thrived during the 1990s and 2000s as a business model based on policies directed at safeguarding cultural heritage. The model had controversial ethical implications at academic, policy and business levels. However, the global financial crisis of 2008 had a huge impact on this sector, and more than 70% of the Spanish archaeological companies closed by 2017. Drawing on the concepts of abstract narratives, functional stupidity and corporatist neoliberalism, this paper illustrates the need to examine ethical issues from a pragmatic standpoint, beyond epistemological and moralistic critiques of profit-oriented businesses in the cultural realm. In doing so, it connects the fields of cultural heritage and management studies, opening up hitherto unexplored strands of research and debate.