Pedro Jesús Teruel

​​Das Jahr 2024 stand in der philosophischen Welt im Zeichen Kants, im Gedenken Kants und im Denken mit Kant. Am 22. April 2024 wurde der 300. Geburtstag des Philosophen aus Königsberg, heute Kaliningrad, vielerorts gefeiert, wurde seines Wirkens gedacht. Sein höchst beeindruckendes Oeuvre war darüber hinaus in diesem besonderen Gedenkjahr mehr als sonst weltweit Gegenstand von Forschungen, Tagungen und verschiedensten medialen Vergegenwärtigungen. Kant, damals und heute, der Titel des internationalen Kongresses in Valencia, ist Programm, für das Kant-Jahr ebenso wie für diesen Kongress, der vom 14. bis 18. Oktober 2024 stattfand. Kants Philosophie im Heute und Jetzt zu studieren bedeutet, sich in die Sprache, den Sprachduktus der Zeit von damals zu vertiefen, den Logos von damals zu erkunden, den philosophischen und wissenschaftlichen Horizont von Kant in seinem Damals zu rekonstruieren, wie auch, Kant im Heute zu begreifen und für gegenwärtiges Denken zu erschließen.

El tricentenario del nacimiento de Immanuel Kant ofrece una ocasión privilegiada para volver sobre una obra que sigue sigue interpelando a la filosofía contemporánea. Lejos de limitarse a la celebración de una efeméride, este volumen propone un diálogo plural con el pensamiento kantiano y con sus proyecciones actuales. Las contribuciones aquí reunidas recogen algunos de los grandes ejes de su legado: la teoría del conocimiento, la ciencia natural, la lógica y la metafísica, la filosofía moral, la estética, la antropología filosófica y la relación entre juicio, naturaleza y libertad. En todas ellas late una misma convicción: Kant no pertenece únicamente a la historia de la filosofía, sino también al horizonte de sus preguntas todavía abiertas.

Reflexionar sobre la eterna geometría de los astros fue tarea preferente para Hipatia de Alejandría y Sinesio de Cirene. En esa contemplación (theoria) reconocían el método intelectual y el recorrido ético para llegar a reflejar en el alma humana el orden y la armonía del cosmos. En el presente libro, Pedro Jesús Teruel indaga en la relación entre maestra y discípulo partiendo de una tesis hermenéutica básica: la consideración de Sinesio y de su obra como espejo existencial y fuente prioritaria a la hora de reconstruir los planteamientos científicos y filosóficos de Hipatia. La investigación pone al descubierto dos fascinantes periplos biográficos e intelectuales, arroja luz sobre algunos de los principales elementos de nuestro universo filosófico-científico y desemboca en una reflexión sobre su actual vigencia.

The year 2024 marks the 300th anniversary of the birth of Immanuel Kant. As a result, events and publications of all kinds took place. We have chosen three works that testify to the growing vitality of Kant studies in Catalan: the translation of the Critique of Pure Reason by Miquel Montserrat; the collective The Sphinx of Modernity, edited by Àlex Mumbrú and José María Sánchez de León in homage to Salvi Turró; and the translation of An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? by Ramon Alcoberro. They represent a milestone in the history of philosophical editions in the language of Lluís Vives.

The year 2024 has provided us with an opportunity to celebrate the life and work of Immanuel Kant. In the wake of the tercentenary of his birth, many cities around the world have become philosophical stages for exhi-bitions, workshops, lectures and major conferences. They have done so against the backdrop of a turbulent year, the scene of geopolitical tensions which—as an unfortunate counterpoint to Kant’s peace-oriented philoso-phy—have been reflected in all this. I would like to showcase some of those initiatives here. I apologize in advance for the possible absence—due to my unawareness—of any others that would deserve to be remem-bered. But courtesy does not detract from bravery: it is worthwhile to provide an overview of what the twelve months of this Kantian year have come to be.

Kant’s thesis concerning the physical correlate of transcendental matter—proto-matter, cosmic or elementary matter, ether—which is the backbone of the Opus postumum, points to the pre-phenomenal foundation of the unity of the real. This foundation is consistent with a speculative hypothesis, ventured in the Critique of Pure Reason, concern-ing the original unity of body and soul. From the point of view of self-curing, this is consistent with Kantian approaches to the nurturing of hu-man dispositions. Three of these are highlighted here: Kant’s strictly physiological treatment of mental illnesses, his statements on philosophy as exercise for the body, and his notion of dietetics. On the basis of this constellation of arguments, I propose a way to overcome the alleged Kant-ian dualism that finds its systematic axis in the notion of «mood» (Gemüt).

Neither the term ‘emotion’, nor its current meaning, can be found in Kant’s writings. In this chapter I identify one strategy for exploring the realm of emotions by delineating the German notion of Erregung, its German-Latin counterpart Motion, and its semantic field. I argue that there is a link between the embodied aspect of emotions and the classic question of pathos, and that the Kantian approach to emotions is related to the stoic idea of ataraxia. Following the subsequent discussion of akrasia, I turn to its neuroscientific implications, in order to show that weakness of will in general, and especially its role within Kantian philosophy, can be understood from a naturalised model of causation.

La dialéctica entre naturaleza y libertad se halla en el corazón del debate contemporáneo entre los paradigmas científicos propios de las ciencias naturales y de las ciencias humanas. La neurociencia constituye, de hecho, uno de los fulcros de dicho debate y el campo de batalla de posiciones encontradas. El abordaje neurocientífico de las patologías revela presupuestos de fondo que remiten a esa contraposición contemporánea. Para mostrarlo, presentaré las líneas básicas de algunos tratamientos actuales basados en estimulación eléctrica del sistema límbico. Una vez expuesto su fundamento neurofisiológico y teórico, analizaré el alcance y los límites hermenéuticos de dicha estrategia

In this paper we are moving from the analysis of the historiographical and literary aspects of the figure of Hypatia of Alexandria in order to get to the reconstruction of her personal and intellectual trajectory. We enunciate the guidelines of her thought, which we base on her methodological approach to mathematics, geometry and astronomy; on the basic beliefs of the cosmological model to which she would have given her support; and finally, on the global vision which defines her manner of philosophizing as search for theoretical unity as well as practical engagement.

The maximalist or hard version of Artificial Intelligence [hAI] revolves around an enlargement of the limits of the human which goes far beyond merely complementing our existing abilities, in order to give rise to what amounts to another species. It is based on a theoretical framework dominated by the tension between two great visions of the world which we could call ‘materialist’ and ‘humanist’. The extreme position of hAI depends on an intellectual commitment to one or another of these two visions and implies, thus, various philosophical assumptions. In this chapter – “Reach and Limits of Artificial Intelligence: from Neuroscience to Cinema” – I will discuss the scope and boundaries of hAI, using as an interface the ways it has been approached in cinema. In the first section three phases are identified in the relationship between cinema and hAI. We will then focus on both its reach and limits from the point of view of its anthropological-philosophical assumptions. In the last section, these will be exemplified in two films: A.I. Artificial Intelligence (Spielberg, 2001) and Eva (Maillo, 2011).