Petros A. M. Gelepithis

This chapter unifies the disciplinary studies of the last two definiens of noémon system (NoS), namely, communication and understanding. Its first section succinctly reviews the literature on the nature of communication and defines human communication in terms of the process of mutual human understanding. The latter is in turn defined in terms of a system of human primitives. The second section discusses the process of human understanding and in particular the end result of it, namely, a system of human primitives. We conclude that the processes of human communication and understanding constitute qualitative invariances of historic H. sapiens psychology. The last section extends our definitions for any NoS, discusses the limits of communication among NoSs, and compares well known regularities and qualitative invariances of psychology and AI. © Petros A. M. Gelepithis 2024.

Unification of any discipline, and a fortiori of more than one disciplines, best proceeds by integration of the constitutive notions, foundational principles, and approaches of the disciplines concerned. Psychology’s constitutive notion is ‘mind’. Artificial Intelligence (AI) uniquely aims to design intelligent systems (essentially to design ‘mind’), and its constitutive notion ‘designed intelligence’ is closely related to that of psychology. This chapter prepares the ground for the unified study of noémon systems by presenting the TNS (Theory of Noémon Systems) approach to it. Specifically it: Demonstrates the desirability and necessity of unifying AI and psychology. Establishes the necessity for an alternative approach that synthesises the positive elements of earlier approaches along with ignored notions and principles. Demonstrates the necessity for a new, common, constitutive notion, namely, noémon system. Discusses and formulates recommendations on choosing the appropriate methodology for building unified theories of noémon systems. Argues for a non-formal axiomatic approach against the programming and continuous systems approaches to theory construction. © Petros A. M. Gelepithis 2024.

This chapter has three sections. The first one introduces the principle of noémon systems (PriNS) and discusses the relation between human and artificial minds. It constitutes the backbone of the Theory of Noémon Systems. PriNS specifies the two definiens of the noémon system theoretical construct, namely, noémon species and noémon entity. They are defined in terms of parametric conditions that determine necessary and sufficient conditions for biological, artificial, and hybrid minds. On this basis, the second section discusses the nature of AI and the notion of own robot evolution; develops a novel argument and result on the AGI and superintelligence debates, and provides the first complete definition of AI. The chapter’s last section introduces the current state of evolutionary theory, reviews the gradualist debate (originating with Darwin in 1871), and offers a radical solution to it in terms of written human language. © Petros A. M. Gelepithis 2024.

Thinking is widely agreed to be the most basic mental phenomenon that permeates all others across animals and machines. Its building blocks are unanimously taken to be ‘concepts’. This chapter demonstrates that the latter viewpoint is mistaken. The building blocks of both thinking and concepts are the notions of ‘meaningful neural formation’ for biological systems, and its generalisation of ‘meaningful material formation’ for all types of noémon systems. Following a succinct review of the major theories of meaning the chapter outlines a novel physical theory of thinking and meaning that is extended to include significant notions of both psychology and AI including ‘concept’, ‘idea’, ‘belief’, ‘information’ and ‘reasoning’. © Petros A. M. Gelepithis 2024.

The book you are holding is the second of a two-volume monograph on the Unification of Artificial Intelligence and Psychology. It unifies four pivotal topics of cognitive science: knowledge, consciousness, emotion, and human nature. Specifically, a new physicalist, evolutionary, and socio-biological theory of Homo knowledge is presented along with three major consequences concerning mathematics, philosophy and the unity of Homo Knowledge. The consciousness chapter reviews selected theories of human consciousness, and proposes a novel theory of both biological and artificial consciousness that is inspired by the notion of evolutionary transitions. The chapter on emotions addresses the lack of a generally accepted, interdisciplinary-based framework for their study, contributes to some clearing of the terminological chaos characterising them, and takes the first step towards the development of such a framework. The last chapter brings together all previous ones into a radical perspective for the future of humanity. It argues for a new necessary and consciously-causedtransitionTransitions in the evolutionEvolution of our species. It involves a common societal organisation of our species and discusses the prerequisites for such a major transition.

This 2-part chapter discusses the current state of humanity and the possibility of a consciously-caused transition in the evolution of our species. Its first part introduces the global threats and possible existential risks that humanity face along with the major policy agendas, by leading contemporary economists, to address them. It also highlights the means used by the global power elites to substantially oppose them. The first section of its second part argues for the need to change the dominant self-image of our species. The core of that self-image is, the imposed, mistaken and dominant view of human nature (used by Established Networks of Vested Interests for their own purposes). The section finishes off with redefinition and discussion of individual human nature. The last section of the second part briefly argues for the need to develop a common societal organisation of our species and discusses the prerequisites for such a major transition. The interdependent natures of AI and Homo sapiens should play a key role to that transition. I have termed it: Hybrid Planetary Organisation.

This chapter is structured in three sections. In the first one I present the few remarks on which there is consensus about ‘knowledge’ as well as the major views attempting to define it. These remarks and viewpoints provide the basis for what follows. In section 2.2, I present a new physicalist, evolutionary, and socio-biological theory of Homo knowledge. In a nutshell, my thesis is that understanding, communication, and scientific reasoning (equivalently, method) are the three principal and interdependent processes that jointly define the H-science and its compatibility with both animal knowledge and the steadily increasing AI- and robot- derived knowledge. Section 2.3 presents the immediate consequences of my theory. They concern: (i) the nature of mathematics; (ii) the place of philosophy within human knowledge; and (iii) the unity of Homo knowledge and the extent of its formalisability.

The major disciplines contributing to affective science are: philosophy, psychology, neuroscience, AI, and medicine. This complexity is exacerbated by the fact that there are important cultural differences affecting the phenomena studied by affective science. A useful contribution to the latter would be even partial clearing of the terminological chaos that characterise it and provision of an interdisciplinary globally accepted working framework. The objective of this chapter is to contribute to this end by addressing the issue of the nature of emotional biological systems and affective robots. In particular: (i) it proposes a cluster of issues that any theory of affective science, and therefore of mind, should address; (ii) reviews the major theories on the generation and regulation of emotions; (iii) defines human and animal emotions and develops a rudimentary theory of them; and (iv) discusses the scope and limits of affective computing.

This book —the second of a two-volume monograph— extends the unification of the foundational Volume 1 and draws its consequences. The monograph’s novel approach, is used to unify three pivotal phenomena of Cognitive Science and AI: knowledge, consciousness and emotions. The extended Theory of Noémon Systems expounds ramifications for cognitive science, philosophy of mind, mathematics, and the issue of the unity of science and art. It also discusses the similarities and differences between humans and AI/robot systems with respect to consciousness, emotions and scientific knowledge. Finally, the inflection point human society is living through and human nature are discussed, and a radical perspective for the future of humanity is put forward: Hybrid Planetary Organisation. The book is an extensive one; Because of it’s extensiveness and broad ramifications, it will appeal to scientists working on the interfaces of psychology, AI, philosophy of mind, neuroscience, and the humanities. The complicated and extensive unification of the fields of Artificial Intelligence and psychology breaks entirely new ground for both disciplines, with thought-provoking and compelling implications for both.

My apologies go to the scientists who know in more detail each one of the shared foundational topics of psychology and artificial intelligence (AI) that I treat in this book and they specialise in. Barring exceptions, neuroscientists, psychologists, AI-ists, and philosophers tend to employ tunnel vision and excessive topicality in their work. On the exceptions side, there are many topic integrations in, and unification efforts of, psychology and several successive integrations of AI in terms of corresponding robot generations. This book is different. Primarily, it unifies the shared foundations of psychology and AI. It does this by developing a common constitutive notion for them: noémon system. The associated theory developed in this book has been termed: the theory of noémon systems (TNS). The space of noémon systems (S) encompasses all biological, artificial, and hybrid noémon systems. As such, it is a superspace of the space of phenomena addressed by cognitive science. The second major purpose of this book follows from the first and has two aspects. One, to bring out the similarities and differences between psychology and AI flowing from their non-shared foundations. Two, to draw some of the major consequences of the TNS concerning cognitive science, AI, philosophy of mind, mathematics, and the issue of the unity of science and art.

This book extends in three directions the Unification of Artificial Intelligence and Psychology: Volume One - Foundations. First, it unifies the so-far fragmented study of the natural phenomena of knowledge, consciousness, and emotions. As a prerequisite for these unifications, the book reviews and discusses the similarities and differences between humans, AI systems, and social robots. Second it draws three major consequences concerning the nature of mathematics, the nature of philosophy, and the issue of the unity of science and humanities. Finally, it brings together all chapters into a radical, perspective-for-action concerning the future of humanity: Hybrid Planetary Organisation. Overall, the second volume breaks further new ground for both AI and Psychology, with thought-provoking and compelling implications for both. As such it will appeal to scientists working on the interfaces of psychology, AI, philosophy of mind, cognitive neuroscience, and the humanities.

This brief position paper addresses three central issues characterising cognitive theories and Newell's and Anderson & Lebiere's views on them. Specifically, first, on the choice of criteria for cognitive theories, I argue against any list and for a system of criteria. Second, on grading, I suggest modifications with respect to consciousness and development. Finally, on the choice of “theories” for evaluation, I argue for Edelman's theory of neuronal group selection instead of connectionism (classical or not).

This paper considers the impact of the AI R&D programme on human society and the individual human being on the assumption that a full realisation of the engineering objective of AI, namely, construction of human-level, domain-independent intelligent entities, is possible. Our assumption is essentially identical tothe maximum progress scenario of the Office of Technology Assessment, US Congress.Specifically, the first section introduces some of the significant issues on the relational nexus among work, education and the human-machine boundary. In particular, based on a Russellian conception of rationality I briefly argue that we need to change our related conceptions of work, employment and free time, through a new human-centred education. On the human-machine boundary problem, I make a couple of tentative suggestions and put forward some crucial open questions.Section two discusses the impact of the emerging machine intelligence on human nature both as modification of its self-image, keeping human nature itself unchanged, and its potential for altering human nature itself. I briefly argue that: (i) in a certain context, the question of the supremacy or uniqueness of human intelligence loses much, if not all, of its ‘weight’; and (ii) appearance of Robot-X species would immortalise the human spirit

This book —the first of a two-volume monograph— seeks to unify the hitherto perceived-as-disparate foundations of psychology and artificial intelligence. It does this by replacing their constitutive notions with a novel common one: noémon system. The ensued Theory of Noémon Systems is developed in terms of an interdisciplinary, language-based axiomatic approach. The first volume details the development of the foundations of the theory and expounds ramifications for cognitive science and AI including novel solutions to the AGI debate and Darwin’s mental gap issue, while offering the first complete definition of AI. The book concurrently explores the similarities and differences between humans and AI/robot systems with respect to the evolution-dependent phenomena of representation, thinking, understanding and communication. The book is an extensive one; because of it’s extensiveness and broad ramifications, this book will appeal to scientists working on the interfaces of psychology, AI, philosophy of mind, neuroscience, and the humanities. The complicated and extensive unification of the fields of Artificial Intelligence and psychology is continued in the second volume that breaks further new ground for both disciplines, with thought-provoking and compelling implications for both.