Praveen Kumar

Outbreak investigations generate actionable evidence to identify sources of infection and guide effective control measures. In outbreak settings, ethical considerations become even more significant because such investigations often involve vulnerable populations, the collection of identifiable data, and interventions under conditions of uncertainty. The Indian Council of Medical Research states that while there may be a need to undertake research quickly, this should not compromise scientific validity or the need to uphold ethical requirements. However, the extent to which outbreak investigations in India comply with ethics oversight reporting has not been systematically examined. The objective was to evaluate ethical considerations in outbreak investigations conducted in India, published between 2015 and 2025 that reported ethical statements, obtained ethical approval, and participant informed consent. The review was registered in PROSPERO 2025 CRD420251140176. Human outbreak investigations conducted in India, published from 1 January 2015 to 25 August 2025, were searched in databases viz., Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Analysis was conducted using R software. A total of 76 outbreak investigations were included. Overall, 14 (18%) did not report an ethics statement, while 31 (41%) reported an ethics statement without Institutional Ethics Committee approval, and 31 (41%) reported both an ethics statement and approval. Participant consent was not obtained in 41 (54%) publications, written consent was obtained in 26 (34%), and 9 (12%) reported verbal consent. Investigations published in later years demonstrated significantly higher levels of ethics oversight (p < 0.001), and ethics oversight varied significantly across disease groups (p = 0.04); no association was observed with study setting or methodological completeness. Ethics reporting in outbreak investigations in India remains inconsistent. Routine ethics preparedness requires IEC readiness for rapid review and integration with outbreak investigation initiation. Less than half documented formal Institutional Ethics Committee approval. The findings highlight the need to strengthen ethical preparedness within outbreak response systems. Strengthening ethical preparedness through rapid review mechanisms, integration of ethics oversight within IDSP-linked investigations, standardised reporting practices, and capacity building of field investigators may help ensure a more ethically robust and transparent outbreak response system.

Location analytics is key to get into the current market. It deals with movements data of customer which tells about the customer’s lifestyle, their behavior through understanding the visiting pattern. A geo-fence is a virtual boundary for a real-world geographic area. A geo-fence can be generated as per user’s need by considering different radius, or a geo-fence can be a predefined set of boundaries. Geo-fencing is use of geo-fence. Geo fencing is a feature that uses the global positioning system (GPS) to define geographical boundaries. It has widely increasing scope. Very few applications are dealing with geo-notifications that are intended to inform the mobile/stationary user proactively about location specific information. The technology behind proactive location-based services is called Geo-fencing.

The integration of Internet Protocol and Embedded Systems can enhance the communication platform. This paper describes the emerging smart technologies based on Internet of Things (IOT) and internet protocols along with embedded systems for monitoring and controlling smart devices with the help of WiFi technology and web applications. The internet protocol (IP) address has been assigned to the things to control and operate the devices via remote network that facilitates the interoperability and end-to-end communication among various devices c,onnected over a network. The HTTP POST and HTTP GET command that supports the RESTful service have been used to ensure the transmission and reception of packets between the IOT Gateway and Cloud Database. The emerging smart technologies based on the Internet of Things (IoT) facilitated features like automation, controllability, interconnectivity, reliability which in turn turn paved the way for a wide range of acceptance amongst the masses. The Internet of Things (IoT) has brought in many new emerging technologies into varoius field like our daily lives, industry, agricultural sector, and many more. The world is experiencing the explosive growth with the advent of Internet of Things (IoT) these years. The potential growth of IoT is enoromous which is evidenced by all the human beings in our day to day life.