The study investigates the epistemological premises of the so-called "anthropological turn" of the eighteenth century within the German-speaking territories. Contrary to the dominant scholarly narrative of the past two decades, this shift is shaped less by the empirical sciences than by semiotics and exercises of the self, which find expression in the newly re-evaluated rhetorical tradition of the eighteenth century. As a discipline attuned to both semiotics and exercises, rhetoric offers a fram…
Read moreThe study investigates the epistemological premises of the so-called "anthropological turn" of the eighteenth century within the German-speaking territories. Contrary to the dominant scholarly narrative of the past two decades, this shift is shaped less by the empirical sciences than by semiotics and exercises of the self, which find expression in the newly re-evaluated rhetorical tradition of the eighteenth century. As a discipline attuned to both semiotics and exercises, rhetoric offers a framework for reconfiguring human formation within the bourgeois Enlightenment. On this basis, three key concepts organize Enlightenment anthropology in its effort to form the human being as a "good" human being: character, 'Bildung' (cultivation or formation), and 'Bestimmung' (vocation or destiny).
Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, drawing on Aristotle and Leibniz, argues in his "Ethica philosophica" (1740) for a perfection of the human being conceived as a dynamic process. This process, he claims, is dependent upon regimes of signs and exercises of the self. Given that these are primarily operative on the level of sensibility, Baumgarten subsequently sees the necessity to develop a science of sensate cognition—an endeavor he undertakes with his "Aesthetica" (1750/58). Through the artistic figure of the 'felix aestheticus', he outlines a set of exercises that serve the formation of the "good" human being.
Johann Georg Sulzer adopts this model of the human being as a subject in formation in his "Versuch von der Erziehung und Unterweisung der Kinder" (1745), thereby introducing the concept of 'Bildung' into Enlightenment pedagogy and establishing it as a central concept of the period. As he argues, the optimal formation of the human being into a "good" individual is achieved through poetry. This insight motivates Sulzer to implement such poetic pedagogy in practice with his "Unterredungen über die Schönheit der Natur" (1750), through which he seeks to cultivate the human being as he imagines it.
This dynamic model of human formation is further reflected in Immanuel Kant's concept of the 'Bestimmung des Menschen' (vocation or destiny of the human being), which becomes a central trope of German Enlightenment discourse. Since this vocation cannot be promoted through transcendental philosophy alone, Kant, in the methodological sections of his Critiques, shifts toward ethical askesis. From this point forward, it is through exercises that the human being is shaped and brought toward the ideal Kant envisions. In his pedagogical treatise "Über Pädagogik" (1803), Kant elaborates these formative exercises. Yet because the pragmatic formation of the human being never fully attains the ideal, Kant ultimately locates the telos of this formation in a social context—die Tischgesellschaft (the table society)—in his "Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht" (1798).