Rong Li

In the late Qing Dynasty - Fourth since the political and cultural context, women's diseases was given a strong national, state and class characteristics of modern literature, women described the disease in men only imagine them in a variety of tools and carrier, therefore, " He who "was written under the symbol of women's diseases and functionalized. Women experience the disease of self-writing is, it is for men to give women the experience of a resistance and subversion. When women in their creation of a proactive approach to speech disorders, the disease is no longer a social, cultural, and forcing them to get rid of the fate of the body, but they have received life situation. The female diseases had been endowed strong meanings of nation, state and classes in the political culture background from late Qing to May-fourth period. At the same time, the female diseases have been the carriers of various imaginations for the male authors in the modern period. The female diseases in the male's writings are symbolized and functional but their selves' writings are experiential and an overturn of the male's imaginations. The disease is no longer a social and cultural fate for them but a real situation that they cannot avoid when the female writers talk their diseases in their books

Despite its widespread existence, the adaptive role of aneuploidy (the abnormal state of having an unequal number of different chromosomes) has been a subject of debate. Cellular aneuploidy has been associated with enhanced resistance to stress, whereas on the organismal level it is detrimental to multicellular species. Certain aneuploid karyotypes are deleterious for specific environments, but karyotype diversity in a population potentiates adaptive evolution. To reconcile these paradoxical observations, this review distinguishes the role of aneuploidy in cellular versus organismal evolution. Further, it proposes a population genetics perspective to examine the behavior of aneuploidy on a populational versus individual level. By altering the copy number of a significant portion of the genome, aneuploidy introduces large phenotypic leaps that enable small cell populations to explore a wide phenotypic landscape, from which adaptive traits can be selected. The production of chromosome number variation can be further increased by stress‐ or mutation‐induced chromosomal instability, fueling rapid cellular adaptation.