Rui C. Costa

Although many consider professional ethics in the food supply chain an essential topic that should be covered in any degree program, few higher education institutions currently include a module on ethics in their study programs. Instead, ethics is taught in tandem to the core curriculum and is often embedded in the contents of other modules rather than treated as a subject in its own right. Ethics, however, is important enough to warrant a different teaching and educational approach. This book provides support for development of a course in ethics for food studies education. The book is divided into 3 sections, each containing several chapters: Section 1 includes chapters that identify and discuss several ethical issues along the food chain, with particular attention given to issues in the food industry and in consumer behavior; Section 2 includes chapters that present the basis of a code of conduct in the food profession, as well as descriptions of existing codes of conduct for food industry and food scientist professionals. These include codes for the ethics of publishing, and also ethics in risk communication; Section 3 includes chapters based on case studies with examples of teaching approaches currently used in teaching food ethics. These approaches are easy to implement and have already been tested and confirmed as successful examples that engage students in this topic.

Psychological interest in Meritocracy as an important social norm regulating most of the western democratic societies has significantly increased over the years. However, the way Meritocracy has been conceptualized and operationalized in experimental studies has advanced in significant ways. As a result, a variety of paradigms arose to understand the social consequences of Meritocracy for intergroup relations; in particular, to understand the adverse consequences of Meritocracy for disadvantaged group members. The present research seeks to understand whether there is strong support for the idea that (manipulated) Meritocracy disproportionally affects members of low status groups, and also to understand which specific components of this norm have been successfully manipulated and to what consequences. And this is particularly important given the recent call for greater transparency in how the success of experimental manipulations is reported. Thus, we carried out a systematic review examining the content of different prime tasks, summarizing prime manipulation checks’ effectiveness, and analyzing whether priming Meritocracy leads to less favorable orientations toward low status groups. Results across 33 studies revealed that despite the existing differences in the components highlighted, the salience of any of the Meritocracy dimensions facilitates the use of internal causal attributions, negative evaluations and stereotyping towards low status groups, affecting negatively decisions involving low-status group members, particularly in specific domains, as organizational contexts. These results carry both practical and theoretical implications for future research on the role of Meritocracy in intergroup settings.

A promoção e a defesa das classes profissionais têm passado por instituições que congregam os interesses comuns dos seus membros. No caso da classe médica contemporânea, foi no contexto da Ordem dos Médicos que esses profissionais difundiram e discutiram a promoção da sua classe, face ao poder político vigente. Neste ensaio aborda-se o percurso desta instituição, o labor desenvolvido e os momentos mais significativos da mesma no contexto político do Estado Novo. Focou-se sobretudo o processo estabelecido pela Ordem no sentido de estabelecer a legitimidade da classe para o exercício das funções de domínio e controle no sistema de saúde nacional. Concomitantemente, ressalvou-se o papel desempenhado por Miller Guerra, analisado enquanto actor destacado nesse contexto de reivindicação e promoção do poder médico. The promotion and defence of the professional classes have been associated with institutions which congregate the common interests of their members. In the case of the contemporary medical class, it was in the context of the Medical Association that these professionals publicised and discussed the promotion of their class before the ruling political power. In this essay, one addresses the trajectory of this institution, the efforts it developed and its more significant moments in the political context of Portugal's New State. One emphasised mainly the process established by the Association which aimed at setting up the legitimacy of the class to perform the duties of supremacy and control within the national health system. At the same time, one stressed the role played by Miller Guerra, analysed as an outstanding actor in this context of revendication and promotion of medical power.

As particularidades da história contemporânea portuguesa no período subsequente à implantação da República em Portugal, condicionaram de modo directo o seu relacionamento externo com o mundo, e em particular com a Europa. Como se verá no decorrer deste ensaio, a entrada de Portugal na Primeira Grande Guerra e o relacionamento com a Alemanha surgem indissolúveis. A análise desta questão foi, contudo, propositadamente reduzida aos pontos particulares das relações externas luso-germânicas em 1916, tentando, sempre que tal se justifique, contextualizá-las na conjuntura político-militar da época, sem perder o fio condutor dos acontecimentos numa linha evolutiva que antecede esse período. This study aims to emphasize the growing interest revealed during the last three decades by the Portuguese and Spanish scientific communities in terms of comparative analyses and the study of the relationships between the two peninsular countries. Privileging the historiographic researches published during that period, this research begins with a brief introductory synthesis of the areas studied, followed by an analysis on their evolution and a bibliographical survey, which, although not exhaustive, includes some of the most representative works published in this area.