I am Professor and Director of the School of Health at Plymouth State University. My research focuses on the philosophy of medicine, evidence-based medicine, and the conceptual foundations of clinical inquiry. I am interested in how scientific knowledge is represented, how evidence is translated into reasoning about individual patients, and how uncertainty, causality, and knowledge representation inform clinical decision making. My current work explores the relationship between population-level scientific knowledge and patient-specific reasoning, with particular interest in the conceptual and mathematical foundations of instantiation.