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733The Ethics of Belief in Conspiracy TheoryIn Melina Tsapos & David Coady (eds.), Conspiracy Theory and Society Research Handbook, Edward Elgar Publishing. forthcoming.The ethics of belief is concerned with what we should believe. This paper is on the ethics of conspiracy belief: should we sometimes believe in conspiracy theories? In the first part, we discuss whether conspiracy theorists are responsible for their beliefs. We argue that they are. Conspiracy beliefs are subject to robust epistemic evaluations since they can be sufficiently responsive to epistemic reasons, thus differing from paradigmatic delusions. In the second part, we consider the epistemic …Read more
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536The Ubiquity of Higher-Order DefeatPacific Philosophical Quarterly. 2025.Evidence for cognitive impairment – say, by bias or hypoxia – can defeat the epistemic permissibility of belief. This paper argues that such higher-order defeat is an instance of a more basic normative phenomenon: whenever the permissibility of one’s belief is defeated, it is defeated by an epistemic reason to withhold belief that is provided by evidence that one is fallible to some degree. This reason can do significant theoretical work in epistemology: it sets a threshold of sufficient evidenc…Read more
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38Replik zu den Kommentaren von Sanja Démbic und Benjamin KiesewetterZeitschrift für Philosophische Forschung 79 (3): 411-416. 2025.Im Folgenden antworte ich zunächst auf den Kommentar von Sanja Dembić, die meine Position unter Rückgriff auf die Debatte zu Fähigkeiten und Dispositionen kritisiert, und anschließend auf den Kommentar von Benjamin Kiesewetter, der einerseits meine Argumentationsstrategie, die Normativität epistemischer Gründe über epistemischen Tadel zu verteidigen, kritisiert, und mich andererseits dazu einlädt, meine Auffassung des epistemischen Sollens zu konkretisieren.
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36Précis zu Responsibility for Rationality. Foundations of an Ethics of MindZeitschrift für Philosophische Forschung 79 (3): 393-397. 2025.Meine Hauptthese in Responsibility for Rationality ist, dass wir für unsere Einstellungen direkt verantwortlich sind. Genauer sind wir dafür verantwortlich, ob unsere Einstellungen rational oder irrational sind. Dies liegt nicht einfach daran, dass wir unsere Einstellungen oftmals durch unser Handeln beeinflussen können, sondern daran, dass sie den Forderungen der Rationalität unterliegen. Unsere indirekte Kontrolle über Einstellungen hat dennoch entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Intensität und…Read more
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175Individuelle Verantwortung für Genozidleugnung. Ein Kommentar zu Melanie Altanians The Epistemic Injustice of Genocide DenialismZeitschrift für Philosophische Forschung 79 (2): 265-269. 2025.Viele Menschen in der Türkei glauben, dass der Genozid an den Armeniern nie stattgefunden hat, dass deren gewaltvolle Vertreibung legitime Maßnahmen zum Schutz der breiteren Bevölkerung gewesen seien oder dass andere Gruppen im Krieg genauso oder mehr gelitten hätten. Diese Meinungen sind falsch. Zudem ist der Genozid historisch dokumentiert. Wieso leugnen ihn dennoch viele Menschen? Liegt es daran, dass sie nicht daran glauben wollen? Oder liegt es daran, dass sie nicht daran glauben können? …Read more
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550Cameron Boult, Epistemic Blame: The Nature and Norms of Epistemic Relationships (review)Ethics 135 (4): 773-778. 2025.Epistemologists increasingly seek inspiration from ethics. Concepts such as reasons, responsibility, excuses, vices, and injustice are regularly borrowed and transposed into the epistemic domain for various theoretical (and often practical) purposes. It is seldom discussed whether it is legitimate to extend specific ethical concepts into epistemology. Cameron Boult’s book is a notable exception. The author displays a high sensitivity to skeptical worries about whether there is such a thing as a …Read more
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354Unwisssenheit als realweltliches Phänomen. Rezension zu: Nadja El Kassar, How Should We Rationally Deal With Ignorance? Routledge 2024, 270 S. (review)Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie. 2025.Unwissenheit und Ignoranz sind Teil der conditio humana. Als Menschen können wir weder alles wissen, noch wollen wir alles wissen, noch wäre es wünschenswert, alles zu wissen. Wir wollen für gewöhnlich nicht wissen, dass jemand eine Überraschungsparty für uns plant oder dass der Hauptcharakter in unserer Lieblingsserie stirbt. Unser Unwissen ist hier sogar wertvoll, weil wir nur dank unseres Unwissens überrascht sein können oder mehr Freude an der Serie haben. Doch Unwissenheit hat auch ihre Sch…Read more
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1041Beyond Evidence in Epistemology: IntroductionPhilosophical Topics 51 (2): 1-8. 2023.This special issue arises from the observation that an exploration of the role of non-evidential considerations in epistemology through a broader lens is missing from the current landscape of philosophical research. The present collection of contributions fills this research gap by bringing together three central and much-discussed epistemological topics for which non-evidential considerations become relevant.
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600Ist es erlaubt zu philosophieren? Altruismus und das gute LebenIn Dagmar Kiesel, Thomas Smettan & Sebastian Schmidt (eds.), Altruismus. Interdisziplinäre Perspektiven, Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 185-205. 2024.Wenn wir Peter Singers Konklusion in „Famine, Affluence, and Morality“ (1972) akzeptieren, dann handeln wir im Alltag sehr viel häufiger falsch, als es uns lieb ist. Anstatt über die Natur von Altruismus zu philosophieren, könnten wir auch möglichst effektiv Hungerleidenden helfen. Ist es daher etwa moralisch verwerflich – weil egoistisch – zu philosophieren? In diesem Beitrag beleuchte ich die Gründe, die wir haben, Philosophie in den Mittelpunkt unseres Lebens zu stellen. Ich argumentiere, das…Read more
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604Altruismus. Interdisziplinäre Perspektiven (edited book)Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 2024.Altruismus scheint im Alltagsverständnis seinen uneingeschränkt positiven Ruf als ebenso wünschenswerte wie seltene Tugend verloren zu haben und durch ein Ethos des Eigennutzens ersetzt worden zu sein. Angesichts globaler Krisen wie dem Klimawandel, großer Flüchtlingsbewegungen, Kriege und Armut ist die Bereitschaft zur Verhaltensänderung bzw. zum Verzicht zugunsten kommender Generationen oder hilfsbedürftiger Menschen weniger selbstverständlich als das Phänomen der psychologischen Reaktanz und …Read more
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1122Should We Respond Correctly to Our Reasons?Episteme. forthcoming.It has been argued that rationality consists in responding correctly to reasons. Recent defenses of the normativity of rationality assume that this implies that we always ought to be rational. However, this follows only if the reasons rationality requires us to correctly respond to are normative reasons. Recent meta-epistemological contributions have questioned whether epistemic reasons are normative. If they were right, then epistemic rationality wouldn’t provide us with normative reasons indep…Read more
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1044Freier Wille, Personale Identität und epistemische UngewissheitIn Kiesel Dagmar & Cleophea Ferrari (eds.), Willensfreiheit, Klostermann. pp. 221-258. 2019.Freiwilligkeit, personale Identität (im Sinne eines harmonisch verfassten und stabilen Selbst) und epistemische Gewissheit sind bei den meisten antiken Philosophieschulen untrennbar miteinander verbunden und garantieren im Rahmen einer als Lebenskunst verstandenen Philosophie das Glück. Im Anlehnung an Überlegungen bei Aristoteles und dem zeitgenössischen Philosophen Peter Bieri analysieren wir, wie Entscheidungen, die zum Zeitpunkt ihres Treffens als bedingt frei und selbstbestimmt wahrgenommen…Read more
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379Wittgensteins Antirelativismus in Über GewissheitIn Christian Kanzian, Josef Mitterer & Katharina Neges (eds.), Realismus – Relativismus – Konstruktivismus. Beiträge des 38. Internationalen Wittgenstein Symposiums, Österreichische Ludwig Wittgenstein Gesellschaft. pp. 268-270. 2015.Mit seinen Unterscheidungen zwischen verschiedenen Spielarten des Relativismus macht Martin Kusch deutlich, dass es eine einfache ja-/nein-Antwort darauf, ob sich Wittgenstein in Über Gewissheit zum Relativismus bekennt, nicht gibt (vgl. Kusch 2013: 38-41). Vielmehr gilt es zu klären, welche Formen des Relativismus durch Wittgensteins Überlegungen dort nahegelegt werden und welche Stellung er ihnen gegenüber einnimmt – falls er überhaupt eine klare Stellung einnimmt. Ich werde im Folgenden dafür…Read more
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1486Doxastic dilemmas and epistemic blamePhilosophical Issues 34 (1): 132-149. 2024.What should we believe when epistemic and practical reasons pull in opposite directions? The traditional view states that there is something that we ought epistemically to believe and something that we ought practically to (cause ourselves to) believe, period. More recent accounts challenge this view, either by arguing that there is something that we ought simpliciter to believe, all epistemic and practical reasons considered (the weighing view), or by denying the normativity of epistemic reason…Read more
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1015The problem of mental responsibility: outlines of an ethics of mindDissertation, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg. 2020.The dissertation is mainly concerned with the following question: How can we be responsible for our attitudes? Traditional formulations of the philosophical problem underlying this question see it as a conflict between responsibility and the absence of voluntary control. I interpret it, by contrast, as a problem about the responsibility that we have for being (ir)rational. To illuminate this responsibility, I engage in discussions about the normative status of object-given reasons for attitudes,…Read more
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1866Responsibility for rationality: foundations of an ethics of mindRoutledge. 2024.How can we be responsible for our attitudes if we cannot normally choose what we believe, desire, feel, and intend? This problem has received much attention during the last decades, both in epistemology and ethics. Yet its connections to discussions about reasons and rationality have been largely overlooked. This book develops the foundations of an ethics of mind by investigating the responsibility that is presupposed by the requirements of rationality that govern our attitudes. It has five main…Read more
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1025Incoherence and the balance of evidential reasonsAsian Journal of Philosophy 2 (2): 1-10. 2023.Eva Schmidt argues that facts about incoherent beliefs can be non-evidential epistemic reasons to suspend judgment. In this commentary, I argue that incoherence-based reasons to suspend are epistemically superfluous: if the subjects in Schmidt’s cases ought to suspend judgment, then they should do so merely on the basis of their evidential reasons. This suggests a more general strategy to reduce the apparent normativity of coherence to the normativity of evidence. I conclude with some remarks on…Read more
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606The Ethics of Belief in a Burning WorldAustralasian Philosophical Review 7 (4): 404-410. 2023.Danielle Celermajer advocates for reconceptualizing responsibility in light of the climate crisis. I argue instead that we must understand current concepts of responsibility which are implicit in actual responsibility practices. I illustrate this by appeal to the practice of holding each other responsible for our beliefs-a practice in which we are constantly involved, but which is often obscured. It extends our responsibility to involuntary aspects of our own mind and involves socially distribut…Read more
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1627Refusing the COVID-19 vaccine: What’s wrong with that?Philosophical Psychology 36 (6): 1102-1124. 2023.COVID-19 vaccine refusal seems like a paradigm case of irrationality. Vaccines are supposed to be the best way to get us out of the COVID-19 pandemic. And yet many people believe that they should not be vaccinated even though they are dissatisfied with the current situation. In this paper, we analyze COVID-19 vaccine refusal with the tools of contemporary philosophical theories of responsibility and rationality. The main outcome of this analysis is that many vaccine-refusers are responsible for …Read more
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921Wie vernünftig sind Verschwörungstheoretiker? Corona und intellektuelles VertrauenIn Romy Jaster & Geert Keil (eds.), Nachdenken über Corona, Reclam. pp. 98-109. 2021.Sebastian Schmidt (Zürich) fragt in seinem Beitrag »Wie vernünftig sind Verschwörungstheoretiker?«, wie es um die Vernunft derjenigen steht, die einer Verschwörungstheorie über die Corona-Pandemie anhängen. Im Umgang mit Corona scheint sich zu bestätigen, was die Psychologie seit Jahrzehnten lehrt: Menschen unterliegen in ihrem Denken kognitiven Fehlern und Verzerrungen. Doch ist verschwörungstheoretisches Denken, das solche Fehler ebenfalls begeht, deshalb irrational? Schmidt warnt davor, ein…Read more
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84Correction to: On Believing Indirectly for Practical ReasonsPhilosophical Studies 179 (10): 3185-3185. 2022.
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1649On believing indirectly for practical reasonsPhilosophical Studies 179 (6): 1795-1819. 2022.It is often argued that there are no practical reasons for belief because we could not believe for such reasons. A recent reply by pragmatists is that we can often believe for practical reasons because we can often cause our beliefs for practical reasons. This paper reveals the limits of this recently popular strategy for defending pragmatism, and thereby reshapes the dialectical options for pragmatism. I argue that the strategy presupposes that reasons for being in non-intentional states are no…Read more
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1267Blameworthiness for Non-Culpable AttitudesAustralasian Journal of Philosophy 102 (1): 48-64. 2024.Many of our attitudes are non-culpable: there was nothing that we should have done to avoid holding them. I argue that we can still be blameworthy for non-culpable attitudes: they can impair our relationships in ways that make our full practice of apology and forgiveness intelligible. My argument poses a new challenge to indirect voluntarists, who attempt to reduce all responsibility for attitudes to responsibility for prior actions and omissions. Rationalists, who instead explain attitudinal re…Read more
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1362Rationality and ResponsibilityAustralasian Philosophical Review 4 (4): 379-385. 2020.Broome takes the debate on rationality to be concerned with the ordinary use of 'rational'. I argue that this is at best misleading. For the object of current theories of rationality is determined by a specific use of 'rational' that is intimately connected to blame and praise. I call the property it refers to 'rationalityRESP'. This focus on rationalityRESP, I argue, has two significant implications for Broome's critique of theories of rationality as reasons-responsiveness. First, rationalityRE…Read more
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1847Epistemic Blame and the Normativity of EvidenceErkenntnis 89 (1): 1-24. 2024.The normative force of evidence can seem puzzling. It seems that having conclusive evidence for a proposition does not, by itself, make it true that one ought to believe the proposition. But spelling out the condition that evidence must meet in order to provide us with genuine normative reasons for belief seems to lead us into a dilemma: the condition either fails to explain the normative significance of epistemic reasons or it renders the content of epistemic norms practical. The first aim of t…Read more
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136The Value of Rationality (review)Zeitschrift für Philosophische Forschung 73 (1): 153-157. 2019.
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1299Responsibility for Attitudes, Object-Given Reasons, and BlameIn Sebastian Schmidt & Gerhard Ernst (eds.), The Ethics of Belief and Beyond: Understanding Mental Normativity, Routledge. pp. 149-175. 2020.I argue that the problem of responsibility for attitudes is best understood as a puzzle about how we are responsible for responding to our object-given reasons for attitudes – i.e., how we are responsible for being (ir)rational. The problem can be solved, I propose, by understanding the normative force of reasons for attitudes in terms of blameworthiness. I present a puzzle about the existence of epistemic and mental blame which poses a challenge for the very idea of reasons for attitudes. We ar…Read more
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912Introduction: Towards an Ethics of MindIn Sebastian Schmidt & Gerhard Ernst (eds.), The Ethics of Belief and Beyond: Understanding Mental Normativity, Routledge. pp. 1-20. 2020.This chapter locates our overall approach within the dialectic of contemporary philosophical debates and provides an overall framework for discussion. First, I introduce the problem of mental normativity. I show how this problem poses a prima facie threat to the common assumption in epistemology and metaethics that beliefs and other attitudes are governed by robust normative requirements. Secondly, I motivate philosophical inquiry about an ethics of mind by tracing this field back to recent deba…Read more
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287The Ethics of Belief and Beyond: Understanding Mental NormativityRoutledge. 2020.This volume provides a framework for approaching and understanding mental normativity. It presents cutting-edge research on the ethics of belief as well as innovative research beyond the normativity of belief—and towards an ethics of mind. By moving beyond traditional issues of epistemology the contributors discuss the most current ideas revolving around rationality, responsibility, and normativity. The book’s chapters are divided into two main parts. Part I discusses contemporary issues surroun…Read more
Zürich, Canton of Zürich, Switzerland
Areas of Specialization
| Epistemology |
| Meta-Ethics |
Areas of Interest
| Epistemology |
| Meta-Ethics |