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Susanna Siegel

Harvard University
  •  Home
  •  Publications
    107
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  •  Events
    29
  •  News and Updates
    75

 More details
  • Harvard University
    Department of Philosophy
    Professor
Cornell University
Sage School of Philosophy
PhD, 2000
APA Eastern Division
CV
Homepage
Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
0000-0001-5554-7677
Areas of Specialization
Epistemology
Philosophy of Mind
Government and Democracy
Political Ethics
Political Epistemology
Areas of Interest
Epistemology
Metaphilosophy
Philosophy of Mind
Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Cognitive Sciences
Democracy
1 more
PhilPapers Editorships
The Contents of Perception
Conceptual and Nonconceptual Content
Color Experience
Spatial Experience
The Experience of Objects
The Experience of High-Level Properties
The Contents of Perception, Misc
Dogmatism about Perception
Perceptual Justification
4 more
  • All publications (107)
  •  109
    Vigilantism and self-defense
    In Caroline Light & Scott Gac (eds.), Routledge Handbook of American Violence, Routledge. forthcoming.
    During the early years of the twenty-first century in the United States, the status of a long series of high-profile killings as self-defensive was publicly contested with collective fury, anguish, and sorrow. Such contestations raise conceptual questions about self-defensive and vigilante violence. How this conceptual boundary is drawn can carry grave social consequences. But why do these two categories so easily form a space of high-stakes contestation? I offer an analysis of vigilantism that …Read more
    During the early years of the twenty-first century in the United States, the status of a long series of high-profile killings as self-defensive was publicly contested with collective fury, anguish, and sorrow. Such contestations raise conceptual questions about self-defensive and vigilante violence. How this conceptual boundary is drawn can carry grave social consequences. But why do these two categories so easily form a space of high-stakes contestation? I offer an analysis of vigilantism that clarifies its relationships with self-defense, shows how they can overlap, what makes them different, and why they are so easily contested.
    Philosophy of Law, MiscViolence, MiscPolitical Epistemology
  •  15
    Penetrabilidade cognitiva e justificação perceptiva
    Arquipélago Filosófico 2 (3). 2026.
    Susanna Siegel é professora da Universidade de Harvard e autora de diversos livros e artigos sobre filosofia da percepção, epistemologia e filosofia da mente. O artigo aqui publicado apareceu originalmente revista Noûs, Vol. 46 (2012): 201-222, e foi traduzido por José Eduardo Porcher (UFRGS). Os direitos de publicação desta tradução foram cedidos graciosamente pela autora e pela editora John Wiley & Sons, Inc., às quais agradecemos. Revisado por Florencia Salaberry. Penetrabilidade cognitiva e…Read more
    Susanna Siegel é professora da Universidade de Harvard e autora de diversos livros e artigos sobre filosofia da percepção, epistemologia e filosofia da mente. O artigo aqui publicado apareceu originalmente revista Noûs, Vol. 46 (2012): 201-222, e foi traduzido por José Eduardo Porcher (UFRGS). Os direitos de publicação desta tradução foram cedidos graciosamente pela autora e pela editora John Wiley & Sons, Inc., às quais agradecemos. Revisado por Florencia Salaberry. Penetrabilidade cognitiva e…
  •  10
    Can Selection Effects on Experience Influence its Rational Role?
    In Tamar Szabó Gendler & John Hawthorne (eds.), Oxford Studies in Epistemology: Volume 4, Oxford University Press Uk. pp. 240-270. 2013.
    This paper explores two kinds of selection effects on perception by the subject’s own psychological states, such as desires, fears, or beliefs. Such states can influence the selection of objects for perceptual experience, or they can influence the selection of perceptual experience for uptake in the process of belief-formation. It is argued that both kinds of selection effects are rationally assessable, even when the subject is not aware of their influence on the selection.
  •  8
    Consciousness, Attention, and Justification
    with Nicholas Silins
    In Dylan Dodd & Elia Zardini (eds.), Scepticism and Perceptual Justification, Oxford University Press. pp. 149-170. 2013.
    This chapter is about the role in epistemology of consciousness outside attention. In Section 1 the chapter argues that we are indeed sometimes conscious of entities to which we do not attend, as when you remember you saw something you did not notice at the time. In Section 2 the chapter makes a case for the view that consciousness outside attention gives us reasons for belief. In Section 3 the chapter responds to the case against its view. In the conclusion, the chapter surveys the upshots of t…Read more
    This chapter is about the role in epistemology of consciousness outside attention. In Section 1 the chapter argues that we are indeed sometimes conscious of entities to which we do not attend, as when you remember you saw something you did not notice at the time. In Section 2 the chapter makes a case for the view that consciousness outside attention gives us reasons for belief. In Section 3 the chapter responds to the case against its view. In the conclusion, the chapter surveys the upshots of the issue for traditional debates about ‘internalism’ and ‘externalism’ in epistemology.
  •  27
    Do Experiences Have Contents?
    In Bence Nanay (ed.), Perceiving the world, Oxford University Press. pp. 333-368. 2010.
    This paper argues that despite the differences between perception and belief, perception involves states that are importantly similar to beliefs: conscious visual experiences. According to the Content View, these experiences have contents in the form of accuracy conditions. The paper develops and defends the Content View, discusses its significance, and argues that contrary to what is often supposed, the Content View is compatible with Naive Realist disjunctivism.
  •  74
    Afterlifers
    Gulf Coast 37 (2). 2025.
    A piece of philosophical fiction about temporal experience
    The Contents of Perception, MiscEpistemology of Mind, MiscSocial Epistemology, Misc
  • The epistemic conception of hallucination
    In Adrian Haddock & Fiona Macpherson (eds.), Disjunctivism: Perception, Action, Knowledge, Oxford University Press. 2011.
  •  11
    How Can We Discover the Contents of Experience?
    Southern Journal of Philosophy 45 (S1): 127-142. 2010.
    How can we discover the contents of experience? I argue that neither introspection alone nor naturalistic theories of experience content are sufficient to discover these contents. I propose another method of discovery: the method of phenomenal contrast. I defend the method against skeptics who doubt that the contents of experience can be discovered, and I explain how the method may be employed even if one denies that experiences have contents.
  •  742
    Discussion of Susanna Siegel's “Can perceptual experiences be rational?”
    with Alison Springle, Declan Smithies, Raja Rosenhagen, Mazviita Chirimuuta, and Ori Beck
    Analytic Philosophy 59 (1): 175-190. 2018.
    Replies to commentaries on "Can experiences be rational?", forthcoming in Analytic Philosophy.
    Perceptual JustificationThe Contents of Perception, MiscMoore's Paradox
  •  37
    Cognitive Penetrability: Modularity, Epistemology, and Ethics
    with Zoe Jenkin
    Review of Philosophy and Psychology 6 (4): 531-545. 2022.
    Introduction to Special Issue of Review of Philosophy and Psychology. Overview of the central issues in cognitive architecture, epistemology, and ethics surrounding cognitive penetrability. Special issue includes papers by philosophers and psychologists: Gary Lupyan, Fiona Macpherson, Reginald Adams, Anya Farennikova, Jona Vance, Francisco Marchi, Robert Cowan.
    Modularity and Cognitive Penetrability
  •  9
    Reference and Consciousness (review)
    Philosophical Review 113 (3): 427-431. 2004.
  •  78
    How Death Shapes Life
    Think 24 (70): 5-8. 2025.
    Life and death: they’re opposites. But each one can be defined by the other. That means death shapes life. But how? When things go well, death shapes life from the background of our awareness. This fact has profound consequences for every facet of life: politics and governance, interpersonal relationships, and all forms of human consciousness.
  •  6984
    The Epistemology of Perception
    with Nicholas Silins
    In Mohan Matthen (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Philosophy of Perception, Oxford University Press Uk. 2015.
    An overview of the epistemology of perception, covering the nature of justification, immediate justification, the relationship between the metaphysics of perceptual experience and its rational role, the rational role of attention, and cognitive penetrability. The published version will contain a smaller bibliography, due to space constraints in the volume.
    Perception and Knowledge, MiscPerceptual JustificationPerception and SkepticismThe GivenModularity a…Read more
    Perception and Knowledge, MiscPerceptual JustificationPerception and SkepticismThe GivenModularity and Cognitive PenetrabilitySeemings
  •  1035
    The Phenomenal Public
    Political Philosophy 1 (1). 2024.
    With what modes of mentality can we build a visceral, subjective sense of being in some specific mass-political society? Theorists and political cultivators standardly call upon the imagination – the kind prompted by symbols and rituals, for example. Could perception ever play such a role? I argue that it can, but that perceptions of mass-political publics come with costs of cruelty and illusion that neither democratic theorists nor participants should be willing to pay. The clearest examples of…Read more
    With what modes of mentality can we build a visceral, subjective sense of being in some specific mass-political society? Theorists and political cultivators standardly call upon the imagination – the kind prompted by symbols and rituals, for example. Could perception ever play such a role? I argue that it can, but that perceptions of mass-political publics come with costs of cruelty and illusion that neither democratic theorists nor participants should be willing to pay. The clearest examples of such perceptions are found in fascist political culture. My discussion aims to illuminate what it is about publics, perception, and democracy that makes this so.
    The Nature of Perceptual ExperienceConceptions of DemocracyCivil SocietyPhilosophy of Mind, General …Read more
    The Nature of Perceptual ExperienceConceptions of DemocracyCivil SocietyPhilosophy of Mind, General WorksPhilosophy of Perception, GeneralPolitical TheoryViolence, MiscDemocracy, MiscJohn Dewey
  •  92
    Comments on Ella Whiteley's "A Woman First and a Philosopher Second"
    Pea Soup Blog + Ethics Journal Discussion. 2023.
    Attention and Value Theory
  •  1507
    How do lines of inquiry unfold? Insights from journalism
    In Tamar Szabó Gendler, John Hawthorne, Julianne Chung & Alex Worsnip (eds.), Oxford Studies in Epistemology, Vol. 8, Oxford University Press. pp. 214-234. 2026.
    I analyze a type of practice related to inquiry: treating things as zetetically relevant to questions, and argue that this practice is a central normatively evaluable way to extend lines of inquiry. My strategy is to introduce the practice and its normative features by examining its relationship to something already well-understood: the ways that news stories produced by journalists frame events. I then argue that the same core zetetic practice can be found across domains, just not in journalis…Read more
    I analyze a type of practice related to inquiry: treating things as zetetically relevant to questions, and argue that this practice is a central normatively evaluable way to extend lines of inquiry. My strategy is to introduce the practice and its normative features by examining its relationship to something already well-understood: the ways that news stories produced by journalists frame events. I then argue that the same core zetetic practice can be found across domains, just not in journalism. Finding the same practice across such different human settings suggests it is a core feature of inquiry.
    InquiryJournalismSocial Epistemology, Miscellaneous
  •  1764
    Wandering Inquiry
    Journal of Philosophy. forthcoming.
    Inquiry is guided, in the minimal sense that it is not haphazard. It is also often thought to have as a natural stopping point ceasing to inquire, once inquiry into a question yields knowledge of an answer. On this picture, inquiry is both telic and guided. By contrast, mind-wandering is unguided and atelic, according to the most extensively developed philosophical theory of it. This paper articulates a puzzle that arises from this combination of claims: there seem to be plenty of examples of in…Read more
    Inquiry is guided, in the minimal sense that it is not haphazard. It is also often thought to have as a natural stopping point ceasing to inquire, once inquiry into a question yields knowledge of an answer. On this picture, inquiry is both telic and guided. By contrast, mind-wandering is unguided and atelic, according to the most extensively developed philosophical theory of it. This paper articulates a puzzle that arises from this combination of claims: there seem to be plenty of examples of inquiry progressing within mind-wandering, yet theories of inquiry and mind-wandering can make wandering inquiry seem impossible or incoherent. I offer several solutions to this puzzle and make the case that taken together, they illuminate a prevalent form of inquiry that the burgeoning literature on that topic overlooks: inquiry that progresses spontaneously.
    Attention and Consciousness in PsychologyInquiryAttention and ConsciousnessCreativityTemporal Experi…Read more
    Attention and Consciousness in PsychologyInquiryAttention and ConsciousnessCreativityTemporal Experience
  •  74
    The Visual Experience of Causation
    In Fiona Macpherson (ed.), The Admissible Contents of Experience, Wiley-blackwell. 2011.
    The thesis that we can visually perceive causal relations is distinct from the thesis that visual experiences can represent causal relations. I defend the latter thesis about visual experience, and argue that although they are suggestive, the data provided by Albert Michotte's experiments on perceptual causality do not establish this thesis. Turning to the perception of causality, I defend the claim that we can perceive causation against the objection that its arcane features are unlikely to be …Read more
    The thesis that we can visually perceive causal relations is distinct from the thesis that visual experiences can represent causal relations. I defend the latter thesis about visual experience, and argue that although they are suggestive, the data provided by Albert Michotte's experiments on perceptual causality do not establish this thesis. Turning to the perception of causality, I defend the claim that we can perceive causation against the objection that its arcane features are unlikely to be represented in experience.
    Perceptual ParticularityThe Objects of Perception
  •  5
    Afterword : epistemic evaluability and perceptual farce
    In John Zeimbekis & Athanassios Raftopoulos (eds.), The Cognitive Penetrability of Perception: New Philosophical Perspectives, Oxford University Press. pp. 404-424. 2015.
    Perception
  •  3061
    Attention and perceptual justification
    with Nicholas Silins
    In Adam Pautz & Daniel Stoljar (eds.), Blockheads! Essays on Ned Block’s Philosophy of Mind and Consciousness, Mit Press. 2018.
    Perceptual JustificationPerceptual EvidencePerception and Knowledge, MiscAttention and ConsciousnessRead more
    Perceptual JustificationPerceptual EvidencePerception and Knowledge, MiscAttention and ConsciousnessAttention and Consciousness in Psychology
  •  3
    Cognitive penetrability and perceptual justification
    In Jeremy Fantl, Matthew McGrath & Ernest Sosa (eds.), Contemporary epistemology: an anthology, Wiley-blackwell. 2019.
    Modularity and Cognitive PenetrabilityPerceptual JustificationPerception and Knowledge, Misc
  •  2694
    Vigilantism and Political Vision
    Washington University Review of Philosophy 2 1-42. 2022.
    Vigilantism, commonly glossed as “taking the law into one’s own hands,” has been analyzed differently in studies of comparative politics, ethnography, history, and legal theory, but has attracted little attention from philosophers. What can “taking the law into one’s hands” amount to? How does vigilantism relate to mobs, protests, and self-defense? I distinguish between several categories of vigilantism, identify the questions they are most useful for addressing, and offer an analysis on which v…Read more
    Vigilantism, commonly glossed as “taking the law into one’s own hands,” has been analyzed differently in studies of comparative politics, ethnography, history, and legal theory, but has attracted little attention from philosophers. What can “taking the law into one’s hands” amount to? How does vigilantism relate to mobs, protests, and self-defense? I distinguish between several categories of vigilantism, identify the questions they are most useful for addressing, and offer an analysis on which vigilantism is a kind of political initiative done for the sake of enacting an immediate realignment of power in a polity in accordance with a political vision. In addition to defining a special kind of political initiative, my analysis helps us understand a range of rhetorical powers related to vigilantism, including some of the ways that attributions of vigilantism can mask instances of self-defense, and attributions of self-defense can mask instances of vigilantism.
    Political TheoryCivil DisobedienceViolence, MiscPolitical Authority, MiscPolitical LegitimacyPhiloso…Read more
    Political TheoryCivil DisobedienceViolence, MiscPolitical Authority, MiscPolitical LegitimacyPhilosophy of Law, MiscPolitical Obedience
  •  420
    Do we see more than we can access?
    with Alex Byrne and David Hilbert
    Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5 (5-6): 501-502. 2007.
    Short commentary on a paper by Ned Block.
    Philosophy of Consciousness, Misc
  •  111
    How death shapes life
    with Colleen Walsh
    Harvard Gazette. 2021.
    Q&A format, with Siegel answering questions posed by the magazine writer Colleen Walsh. The discussion features Kierkegaard, Heidegger, Rilke, Cotard's syndrome, and authoritarianism.
    AuthoritarianismDeath and Dying, Misc
  •  63
    Mob violence
    Los Angeles Review of Books. 2021.
    ViolencePolitical TheoryRight to Self-Defense
  •  763
    Form and Faith in Sheridan Hough's "Kierkegaard's Dancing Tax Collector"
    Syndicate Philosophy. forthcoming.
    I argue that in Sheridan Hough's book Kierkegaard's Dancing Tax Collector, the distinctive and novelistic literary form is not a playful, whimsical, or otherwise contingent feature, but a structure that's needed to convey the account of Kierkegaardian faith as practical in nature.
    FaithSøren KierkegaardLiterary InterpretationNarrative
  •  2093
    Salience Principles for Democracy
    In Sophie Archer (ed.), Salience: A Philosophical Inquiry, Routledge. pp. 235-266. 2022.
    I discuss the roles of journalism in aspirational democracies, and argue that they generate set of pressures on attention that apply to people by virtue of the type of society they live in. These pressures, I argue, generate a problem of democratic attention: for journalism to play its roles in democracy, the attentional demands must be met, but there are numerous obstacles to meeting them. I propose a principle of salience to guide the selection and framing of news stories that I argue may help…Read more
    I discuss the roles of journalism in aspirational democracies, and argue that they generate set of pressures on attention that apply to people by virtue of the type of society they live in. These pressures, I argue, generate a problem of democratic attention: for journalism to play its roles in democracy, the attentional demands must be met, but there are numerous obstacles to meeting them. I propose a principle of salience to guide the selection and framing of news stories that I argue may help address the puzzle: the public-as-protagonist principle.
    Attention, MiscPolitical TheoryArts and Humanities, MiscDemocracyAttention and Value TheorySalience
  •  62
    'Warrior mindset' can get people killed
    with Caroline Light
    Tampa Bay Times Newspaper, December 18. 2020.
    Op-ed written with historian Caroline Light about some of the ways that ideas of democratic citizenship can become perverted by the idea that personal safety required armed defense against attacks by strangers.
    Conceptions of DemocracyHistory of Western Philosophy
  •  56
    Does relying on science strengthen authoritarianism or weaken it?
    Tampa Bay Times, May 29. 2020.
    Op-ed arguing that the reliance of the population on epidemiological expertise may weaken authoritarianism
    AuthoritarianismPolitical Science
  •  92
    Why we revel in opponents' adversity
    Tampa Bay Times, July 31. 2020.
    Op-ed on the role of schadenfreude in political propaganda. Co-authored with Kelsey Ichikawa
    SchadenfreudeAuthoritarianismPropaganda
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