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1205What Should We Agree on about the Repugnant Conclusion?Utilitas 33 (4): 379-383. 2021.The Repugnant Conclusion served an important purpose in catalyzing and inspiring the pioneering stage of population ethics research. We believe, however, that the Repugnant Conclusion now receives too much focus. Avoiding the Repugnant Conclusion should no longer be the central goal driving population ethics research, despite its importance to the fundamental accomplishments of the existing literature.
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75Social choice, the strong Pareto principle, and conditional decisivenessTheory and Decision 75 (4): 563-579. 2013.This paper examines social choice theory with the strong Pareto principle. The notion of conditional decisiveness is introduced to clarify the underlying power structure behind strongly Paretian aggregation rules satisfying binary independence. We discuss the various degrees of social rationality: transitivity, semi-transitivity, the interval-order property, quasi-transitivity, and acyclicity
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68Independence of irrelevant alternatives revisitedTheory and Decision 76 (4): 511-527. 2014.This paper aims to reexamine the axiom of the independence of irrelevant alternatives in the theory of social choice. A generalized notion of independence is introduced to clarify an informational requirement of binary independence which is usually imposed in the Arrovian framework. We characterize the implication of binary independence
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55Pareto principles, positive responsiveness, and majority decisionsTheory and Decision 71 (4): 503-518. 2011.This article investigates the relationship among the weak Pareto principle, the strong Pareto principle, and positive responsiveness in the context of voting. First, it is shown that under a mild domain condition, if an anonymous and neutral collective choice rule (CCR) is complete and transitive, then the weak Pareto principle and the strong Pareto principle are equivalent. Next, it is shown that under another mild domain condition, if a neutral CCR is transitive, then the strong Pareto princip…Read more
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52Libertarian approaches to the COVID‐19 pandemicBioethics 36 (4): 445-452. 2022.Bioethics, Volume 36, Issue 4, Page 445-452, May 2022.
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34Critical‐level SufficientarianismJournal of Political Philosophy 30 (4): 434-461. 2021.Journal of Political Philosophy, EarlyView.
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21Conditions on social-preference cyclesTheory and Decision 79 (1): 1-13. 2015.Since Condorcet discovered the voting paradox in the simple majority rule, many scholars have tried to investigate conditions that yield “social-preference cycles”. The paradox can be extended to two main approaches. On the one hand, Kenneth Arrow developed a general framework of social choice theory; on the other hand, direct generalizations of the paradox were offered. The motivation and surface meaning of the two approaches are different, as are the assumed background conditions. In this pape…Read more
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20Revisiting variable-value population principlesEconomics and Philosophy 39 (3): 468-484. 2023.We examine a general class of variable-value population principles. Our particular focus is on the extent to which such principles can avoid the repugnant and sadistic conclusions. We show that if a mild limit property is imposed, avoidance of the repugnant conclusion implies the sadistic conclusion. This result generalizes earlier observations by showing that they apply to a substantially larger class of principles. Our second theorem states that, under the limit property, the axiom of mere add…Read more
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15Are good leaders truly good?Analysis 83 (3): 437-446. 2023.This paper offers a new insight on the Condorcet Jury Theorem (CJT) in the theory of epistemic democracy. This theorem states that democratic decision-making leads us to correct outcomes under certain assumptions. One key assumption is the ‘independence condition’, which requires that voters form their beliefs independently when they vote. This paper examines the role of an opinion leader as an informational source, which potentially violates independence. We demonstrate that voters’ beliefs may…Read more
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15Extended anonymity and Paretian relations on infinite utility streamsMathematical Social Sciences 2014 (72): 24-32. 2014.We examine the range of anonymity that is compatible with a Paretian social welfare relation (SWR) on infinite utility streams. Three alternative coherence properties of an SWR are considered, namely, acyclicity, quasi-transitivity, and Suzumura consistency. For each case, we show that a necessary and sufficient condition for a set of permutations to be the set of permissible permutations of some Paretian SWR is given by the cyclicity of permutations and a weakening of group structure. Further, …Read more
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14Infection control, subjective estimates, and the ethics of testing during the COVID‐19 pandemicBioethics 37 (9): 897-903. 2023.On March 16, 2020, the Director-General of the World Health Organization said: “We have a simple message to all countries—test, test, test.” This seems like sound advice, but what if limiting the number of tests has a positive effect on infection control? Although this may rarely be the case, the possibility raises an important ethical question that is closely related to a central tension between deontological and consequentialist approaches to ethics. In this paper, we first argue that early du…Read more
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13A new result on the impossibility of avoiding both the repugnant and sadistic conclusionsEconomics Letters 232 111306. 2023.This paper establishes a new impossibility result for welfaristic evaluations when the population varies. We consider a weak version of the repugnant conclusion instead of the commonly used version. It is shown that if a population principle satisfying two reasonable properties avoids the sadistic conclusion, then the weak repugnant conclusion must hold. We use a general variable-population setting where the identities of individuals can matter.
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13Critical‐level SufficientarianismJournal of Political Philosophy 30 (4): 434-461. 2021.Journal of Political Philosophy, EarlyView.
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13Trade-off between repugnant and sadistic conclusions under the separability of people’s livesIn Adachi Yukio & Usami Makoto (eds.), Governance for a Sustainable Future, Springer. 2023.Population axiology includes two major arguments. The first is the repugnant conclusion, which was originally formulated by Derek Parfit to criticize total utilitarianism. The second is the sadistic conclusion. In this study, I demonstrate that no additively separable principle can avoid both repugnant and sadistic conclusions if individual moral values have no upper bound. This impossibility holds not only for utilitarian principles but also for any population principles that guarantee the sepa…Read more
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13Unanimity, anonymity, and infinite populationJournal of Mathematical Economics 71. 2017.This paper is concerned with the implications of unanimity and anonymity for the Arrovian social choice theory when population is infinite. Contrary to the finite population case, various unanimity and anonymity axioms can be formulated. We show a tension between unanimity and anonymity by providing possibility and impossibility results. We also examine the case in which social preferences are allowed to be quasi-transitive.
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12When is weak Pareto equivalent to strong Pareto?Economics Letters 222 110953. 2023.This paper shows that weak Pareto and strong Pareto are equivalent under continuity and strong quasi-concavity. We use a framework that incorporates welfare as well as non-welfare information.
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12Tsunami-tendenko follows the antiextinction principle, not utilitarianismJournal of Medical Ethics. forthcoming.This paper examines the concept of ‘tsunami-tendenko,’ a guideline suggesting that individuals prioritise their own safety over aiding others during large-scale disasters. Kodama defends tsunami-tendenko against accusations of egoism by arguing that the principle can be justified ethically on consequentialist (or more precisely, utilitarian) grounds. Kodama asserts that attempting to assist others during such disasters heightens the risk of ‘tomo-daore,’ where both the rescuer and the victim may…Read more
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11Rationality and Operators: The Formal Structure of PreferencesSpringer. 2016.This unique book develops an operational approach to preference and rationality as the author employs operators over binary relations to capture the concept of rationality. A preference is a basis of individual behavior and social judgment and is mathematically regarded as a binary relation on the set of alternatives. Traditionally, an individual/social preference is assumed to satisfy completeness and transitivity. However, each of the two conditions is often considered to be too demanding; and…Read more
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11Infinite-population approval voting: A proposalSynthese 199 (3-4): 10181-10209. 2021.In this study, we propose a new direction of research on the axiomatic analysis of approval voting, which is a common democratic decision method. Its novelty is to examine an infinite population setting, which includes an application to intergenerational problems. In particular, we assume that the set of the population is countably infinite. We provide several extensions of the method of approval voting for this setting. As our main result, axiomatic characterizations of the extensions are offer…Read more
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11On the existence of an equitable allocationMetroeconomica 69 (3). 2018.This paper is concerned with a problem of an equitable allocation. We consider the concept of ψ‐equity, which is a general concept of equity. We provide a series of examples of equity concepts that are captured by ψ‐equity. We show the existence of an efficient and ψ‐equitable allocation by employing Kakutani's fixed‐point theorem.
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11Potential rationality in collective decision-makingSynthese 202 (6): 1-20. 2023.This study investigates Suzumura consistency as a condition for the rationality of social preferences. A preference is said to be Suzumura-consistent when all preference cycles include only indifference relations. This condition is equivalent to transitivity in the presence of completeness, but, in general, it is substantially weaker than transitivity when preference is incomplete. Notably, Suzumura consistency is especially significant for a preference because it is necessary and sufficient for…Read more
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11A generalization of Campbell and Kelly’s trade-off theoremSocial Choice and Welfare 38. 2012.This article considers social choice theory without the Pareto principle. We revisit the trade-off theorem developed by Campbell and Kelly (Econometrica 61:1355–1365, 1993) and generalize their result. By introducing an alternative measure of decisive structure, a dominance relation, we show that if a social welfare function dominates another social welfare function, then the number of pairs of alternatives which social ranking is independently of individual preferences under the former is not m…Read more
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10Weak independent decisiveness and the existence of a unique vetoerEconomics Letters 131. 2015.This paper is concerned with an aggregation of individual preferences. We introduce the concept of weak independent decisiveness, which is a weakening of Sen’s independent decisiveness. We show that a Paretian social welfare function satisfies weak independent decisiveness if and only if the family of weakly decisive sets forms an ultrafilter.
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10Sufficientarianism and incommensurabilityPhilosophical Studies 1-20. forthcoming.This paper proposes a sufficientarian theory with an interval of sufficiency levels. I assume that there are upper and lower bounds of sufficiency and that all well-being levels in between can be considered sufficiency levels. This interval reflects the vagueness of the concept of sufficiency. According to the proposed principle, a distribution is morally better than another if and only if, for each threshold within the interval, the headcount of those below the threshold under the former distri…Read more
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10Independent, neutral, and monotonic collective choice: the role of Suzumura consistencySocial Choice and Welfare 61. 2023.We examine the impact of Suzumura’s (Economica 43:381–390, 1976) consistency property when applied in the context of collective choice rules that are independent of irrelevant alternatives, neutral, and monotonic. An earlier contribution by Blau and Deb (Econometrica 45:871–879, 1977) establishes the existence of a vetoer if the collective relation is required to be complete and acyclical. The purpose of this paper is to explore the possibilities that result if completeness and acyclicity are dr…Read more
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10Collective rationality and decisiveness coherenceSocial Choice and Welfare 50. 2018.Arrow’s impossibility theorem states that if an aggregation rule satisfies unrestricted domain, weak Pareto, independence of irrelevant alternatives, and collective rationality, then there exists a dictator. Among others, Arrow’s postulate of collective rationality is controversial. We propose a new axiom for an aggregation rule, decisiveness coherence, which is weaker than collective rationality. It is shown that given the Arrovian axioms other than collective rationality, a dictatorship arises…Read more
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10Thresholds, critical levels, and generalized sufficientarian principlesEconomic Theory 75 (4). 2023.This paper provides an axiomatic analysis of sufficientarian social evaluation. Sufficientarianism has emerged as an increasingly important notion of distributive justice. We propose a class of principles that we label generalized critical-level sufficientarian orderings. The distinguishing feature of our new class is that its members exhibit constant critical levels of well-being that are allowed to differ from the threshold of sufficiency. Our basic axiom assigns priority to those below the th…Read more
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10Quasi-stationary social welfare functionsTheory and Decision 89 (1): 85-106. 2020.This paper examines collective decision-making with an infinite-time horizon setting. First, we establish a result on the collection of decisive sets: if there are at least four alternatives and Arrow’s axioms are satisfied on the selfish domain, then the collection of decisive sets forms an ultrafilter. Second, we impose generalized versions of stationarity axiom for social preferences, which are substantially weaker than the standard version. We show that if any of our generalized versions are…Read more
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9Decisive coalitions and positive responsivenessMetroeconomica 69 (1). 2018.This paper addresses the Arrovian social choice problem. Our focus is the role of positive responsiveness, which requires social judgments to be strongly monotonic with respect to individual judgments. We clarify the structure of decisive coalitions associated with collective choice rules that satisfy positive responsiveness and Arrow's axioms. Transitivity of social preferences is relaxed to quasi‐transitivity or acyclicity.
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9Common preference, non-consequential features, and collective decision makingReview of Economic Design 18. 2014.This paper examines an extended framework of Arrovian social choice theory. We consider two classes of values: consequential values and non-consequential values. Each individual has a comprehensive preference based on the two. Non-consequential values are assumed to be homogeneous among individuals. It is shown that a social ordering function satisfying Arrovian conditions must be non-consequential: a social comprehensive preference gives unequivocal priority to non-consequential values. We clar…Read more
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Value Theory |
Science, Logic, and Mathematics |
Justice |
Priority and Prioritarianism |
The Concept of Equality |
Social and Political Philosophy |