Tom Beauchamp

This chapter argues for a need for a theory of moral status that can help to provide solutions to practical problems in public policy that take account of the interests of diverse nonhuman animals. To illustrate this need, the chapter briefly describes two contemporary problems, one in science policy and one in food and climate policy. The first section provides a sketch of a way to think about a tiered or hierarchical theory of moral status that could be fit for such work. The second section considers in some depth the problem of human–nonhuman chimeras. This example is used to illustrate how a hierarchical theory of moral status should prove helpful in framing policy responses to this problem.

Justin Oakley says that he will “argue that virtue ethics provides a deeper and more compelling analysis of the ethical problems raised by conflicts of interest in physician prescribing than do other ethical perspectives.” The author argues that he shows important virtues of virtue ethics, but that he has not shown that virtue ethics provides a deeper or more compelling analysis than do “other ethical perspectives.” Oakley gives good reasons to think that we need ethical perspectives that supplement and are not derivative from virtue theory. The author will argue that we should be concerned about both the character and motives of persons and about conformity to rules in conflict of interest situations.

This chapter considers the relationship between consent and autonomy, arguing that autonomous choice and voluntariness are central to the notion of consent. It starts by analyzing consent in terms of its normative features, basic elements, and senses. It then moves to the nature of consent as autonomous and discusses whether requirements to obtain informed consent are justified in terms of the principle of respect for autonomy. It then turns to theories of autonomy, starting with split-level theories. A different theory of autonomy is proposed, which features conditions of intentionality, understanding, and voluntariness. This theory is used to develop an account of degrees of autonomy. Finally, the chapter considers the problem of constraining situations, which present moral issues of undue influence and the exploitation of research subjects.

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Hume Studies Referees, 2007-2008 Donald Ainslie University of Toronto Carla Bagnoli University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Donald Baxter University of Connecticut Tom Beauchamp Georgetown University Helen Beebee University of Birmingham Martin Bell Manchester Metropolitan University Deborah Boyle College of Charleston John Bricke University of Kansas Deborah Brown University of Queensland Dorothy Coleman Northern Illinois University Timothy Costelloe College of William and Mary Shelagh Crooks Saint Mary's University Terence Cuneo University of Vermont Martin Curd Purdue University Richard Dees University of Rochester Stewart Duncan University of Florida James Dye Northern Illinois University Walter Edelberg University of Illinois, Chicago Catherine Elgin Harvard University Richard F. Foley University of Missouri Richard Fumerton University of Iowa Rolf George University of Waterloo Theodore Gracyk Minnesota State University, Moorhead John Greco Saint Louis University Paul Guyer University of Pennsylvania Thomas Holden University of California, Santa Barbara Ward Jones Rhodes University Catherine Kemp Brooklyn College, City University of New York John Christian Laursen University of California, Riverside Douglas Lewis University of Minnesota Andrew Lister Queen's University [End Page 323] Antonia Lolordo University of Virginia Michel Malherbe Université de Nantes Alison McIntyre Wellesley College Kenneth Merrill University of Oklahoma John Nicholas University of Western Ontario David O'Connor Seton Hall University Jim O'Shea University College Dublin David Owen University of Arizona David Phillips University of Houston Nicholas Phillipson University of Edinburgh Michael Pritchard University of Western Michigan Paul Russell University of British Columbia Eric Schliesser Universiteit Leiden Malcolm Schofield Cambridge University George Frederick Schueler University of Delaware Lisa Shapiro Simon Fraser University Mark Spencer Brock University Michael Stack University of Manitoba Eric Steinberg Brooklyn College, City University of New York Christine Swanton University of Auckland Jacqueline Taylor University of San Francisco Saul Traiger Occidental College Stanley Tweyman York University Dabney Townsend Armstrong Atlantic State University Kathleen Wallace Hofstra University Cass Weller University of Washington Paul Wood University of Victoria Roger Woolhouse University of York [End Page 324]Copyright © 2009 Hume Studies...

David Hume (1711-1776) is one of the greatest of philosophers. Today he probably ranks highest of all British philosophers in terms of influence and philosophical standing. His philosophical work ranges across morals, the mind, metaphysics, epistemology, religion, and aesthetics; he had broad interests not only in philosophy as it is now conceived but in history, politics, economics, religion, and the arts. He was a master of English prose. The Clarendon Hume Edition will include all of his works except his History of England and minor historical writings. It is the only thorough critical edition, and will provide a far more extensive scholarly treatment than any previous editions. This edition (which has been in preparation since the 1970s) offers authoritative annotation, bibliographical information, and indexes, and draws upon the major advances in textual scholarship that have been made since the publication of earlier editions--advances both in the understanding of editorial principle and practice and in knowledge of the history of Hume's own texts. In this volume, Tom Beauchamp presents two essays from Four Dissertations (1757), the last philosophical work written by Hume, which was subsequently revised by the philosopher in the remaining years of his life. Whilst the bulk of A Dissertation on the Passions was extracted from passages in A Treatise of Human Nature, The Natural History of Religion was an original work when published in 1757, as well as the only major work devoted exclusively to the subject of religion that Hume published in his lifetime. Together with Hume's earlier work on religious topics, this essay drew considerable philosophical commentary from his contemporaries.The last edition of the two works in this volume seen through the press by Hume himself appeared in 1772. It provides the copy-text for this critical edition. The Editor's primarily historical Introduction discusses the genesis, revision, and reception of these two dissertations, which went into ten editions at the author's hand. It will appeal to scholars across many disciplines. General Editors of the Clarendon Hume: Professors T. L. Beauchamp (Georgetown University, USA), D. F. Norton (McGill University, Canada), M. A. Stewart (University of Lancaster, England). The Edition comprises (or will comprise): Vols. 1 and 2: A Treatise of Human Nature, edited by D. F. Norton Vol. 3: An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding, edited by T. L. Beauchamp Vol. 4: An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals, edited by T. L. Beauchamp Vol. 5: The Natural History of Religion and A Dissertation on the Passions, edited by T. L. BeauchampVols. 6 and 7: Essays, edited by T. L. Beauchamp and M. BoxVol. 8: Dialogues concerning Natural Religion and other posthumous publications, edited by M. A. Stewart.

about Hume: David Hume (1711-1776) is one of the greatest of philosophers. Today he probably ranks highest of all British philosophers in terms of influence and philosophical standing. His philosophical work ranges across morals, the mind, metaphysics, epistemology, and aesthetics; he had broad interests not only in philosophy as it is now conceived but in history, politics, economics, religion, and the arts. He was a master of English prose. about the Clarendon Hume Edition: The Clarendon Hume will include all of his works except his History of England and minor historical writings; it will be the only thorough critical edition, and will provide a far more extensive scholarly treatment than any previous editions. This edition (which has been in preparation since the 1970s) offers authoritative annotation, bibliographical information, and indexes, and draws upon the major advances in textual scholarship that have been made since the publication of earlier editions--advances both in the understanding of editorial principle and practice and in knowledge of the history of Hume's own texts. General Editors: Professors T. L. Beauchamp (Georgetown University, USA), D. F. Norton (McGill University, Canada), M. A. Stewart (University of Lancaster, England). The Edition will comprise: Vols. 1 and 2: A Treatise of Human Nature, edited by D. F. Norton Vol. 3: An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding, edited by T. L. Beauchamp Vol. 4: An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals, edited by T. L. Beauchamp Vol. 5: The Natural History of Religion and the Dissertation on the Passions Vols. 6 and 7: Essays Vol. 8: Dialogues concerning Natural Religion and other posthumous publications, edited by M. A. Stewart.

The distinction between clinical research and clinical practice directs how we partition medicine and biomedical science. Reasons for a sharp distinction date historically to the work of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, especially to its analysis of the “boundaries” between research and practice in the Belmont Report (1978).Belmont presents a segregation model of the research-practice distinction, according to which research and practice form conceptually exclusive sets of activities and interventions. This model is still the standard in federal regulations today. However, the Commission’s deliberations and conclusions about the boundaries are more complicated, nuanced, and instructive than has generally been appreciated. The National Commission did not conclude that practice needs no oversight comparable to the regulation of research. It debated the matter and inclined to the view that the oversight of practice needed to be upgraded, though the Commission stopped short of proposing new regulations for its oversight, largely for prudential political reasons.

The theoretical and practical roles of moral principles in principlist theory is the subject of this chapter. I start by discussing the historical background of the emergence of basic universal principles in bioethics. I then analyze the nature of the moral commitments in the universal framework of principles that I have developed over the last 40 years with James Childress. I also discuss how universal principles are fashioned into particular moralities such as those found in professional medical ethics, and the circumstances under which particular moralities are consistent with universal morality. Finally, I show the relevance of principles for global research ethics and for an understanding of the rights of minorities in multicultural societies.

This is the first new scholarly edition since the nineteenth century of one of the greatest works in the history of philosophy: David Hume's Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals. It is the fourth volume of the Clarendon Hume Edition, which will be the definitive edition for the foreseeable future. In this elegant and lucid Enquiry Hume gives an accessible presentation of his fully developed ethical theory, that is to say his theory of the foundation of morality in human nature. He considered this work to be `of all my writings, historical, philosophical, or literary, incomparably the best'. The distinguished Hume scholar Tom Beauchamp presents an authoritative text accompanied by introduction, annotation, glossary, biographical sketches, bibliographies, and indexes.

The distinction between clinical research and clinical practice directs how we partition medicine and biomedical science. Reasons for a sharp distinction date historically to the work of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, especially to its analysis of the “boundaries” between research and practice in the Belmont Report (1978). Belmont presents a segregation model of the research-practice distinction, according to which research and practice form conceptually exclusive sets of activities and interventions. This model is still the standard in federal regulations today. However, the Commission’s deliberations and conclusions about the boundaries are more complicated, nuanced, and instructive than has generally been appreciated. The National Commission did not conclude that practice needs no oversight comparable to the regulation of research. It debated the matter and inclined to the view that the oversight of practice needed to be upgraded, though the Commission stopped short of proposing new regulations for its oversight, largely for prudential political reasons.

The Belmont Report of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research was essentially mandated in a public law on July 12, 1974. The publications of this Commission have turned out to be the most influential of all US ethics and bioethics commissions on US public policy and federal regulation. The reason for its influence is that this Commission was allowed—indeed required—to draft federal regulations governing research with vulnerable subjects and to produce a general framework of moral principles that quickly became established as the only framework of general principles of research ethics for the government of the United States.The public law mandated that the...

For forty years, successive editions of Ethical Theory and Business have helped to define the field of business ethics. The 10th edition reflects the current, multidisciplinary nature of the field by explicitly embracing a variety of perspectives on business ethics, including philosophy, management, and legal studies. Chapters integrate theoretical readings, case studies, and summaries of key legal cases to guide students to a rich understanding of business ethics, corporate responsibility, and sustainability. The 10th edition has been entirely updated, ensuring that students are exposed to key ethical questions in the current business environment. New chapters cover the ethics of IT, ethical markets, and ethical management and leadership. Coverage includes climate change, sustainability, international business ethics, sexual harassment, diversity, and LGBTQ discrimination. New case studies draw students directly into recent business ethics controversies, such as sexual harassment at Fox News, consumer fraud at Wells Fargo, and business practices at Uber.

Over the course of its first seven editions, Principles of Biomedical Ethics has proved to be, globally, the most widely used, authored work in biomedical ethics. It is unique in being a book in bioethics used in numerous disciplines for purposes of instruction in bioethics. Its framework of moral principles is authoritative for many professional associations and biomedical institutions-for instruction in both clinical ethics and research ethics. It has been widely used in several disciplines for purposes of teaching in the classroom, during conferences, etc.