Tomasz Stefaniuk

The article presents the profile of Stefan Harassek (1890–1952), a historian of philosophy, pedagogue and professor at Maria Curie-Skłodowska University (UMCS), whose research interests focused on the relationship between German and Polish philosophy, Polish national and messianic philosophy, Kantianism and the reaction to Kantianism, Kant's idea of ​​the sublimaty (Germ. das Erhabene) and the issue of the national character of philosophy. The author discusses the course of Harassek's academic career, up to his post-war work at UMCS, where he was one of the organizers of post-war academic life. Attention is also paid to the originality of his approach to the relationship between universalism and ethnicity in philosophy and to his later ideological turn in the spirit of Marxism-Leninism, revealed in the essay The Idea of ​​Peace in the History of Human Thought.

In socialist utopias, the superior values ​​to which the entire political and social system is subordinated are a well-organized society and prosperity - not individual freedom. This does not mean, however, that utopians such as Charles Fourier do not philosophically analyze freedom. The approach to freedom presented by the French author is strongly rooted in his metaphysics, referring to "passion", or "attraction" - as something that should at most be subjected to the indications of reason, but certainly not abolished. However, in the world that Fourier writes about, there is not much room for any freedom: even God must follow mathematical principles. As for the individual and society, they are only potentially free, because complete freedom will come only after Fourier's program is put into practice. On the other hand, in Fourier's program of total social reform, one can find many of his postulates which do not seek to strengthen or protect individual freedoms. These include, among others, the subordination of the individual to the collective, the abolition of the family and marriage, and compulsory child labor.

The paper focuses on al-Kindī’s Treatise on definitions - the oldest surviving Arabic glossary of philosophical and scientific terms. Its author presents more than one definition of the term falsafa. Does this mean that he was not sure how to explain to his coreligionists what philosophy really is? In this article I aim to focus on the content of all six definitions of philosophy presented in the treatise. I also compare some of al-Kindī’s definitions of philosophy with the way in which some Greek philosophers, known to him, understood it, as well as with certain ideas derived from the source texts of Islam. The results of the study led to the belief that al-Kindī sought to induce his readers to agree that philosophy was not a threat to the Muslim faith, but rather a science which aims to improve man in the moral sense, and also to significantly increase the human knowledge of the world created by God.

Man was, neither for Al-Kindi, nor for Al-Farabi, a clearly isolated object of philosophical reflection. This does not mean, however, that both Islamic philosophers were not at all concerned with the uniqueness of man, his nature or the purpose of his existence. In order to understand and analyze in depth the philosophies of man voiced by Al-Kindi and Al-Farabi, one must focus primarily on their epistemologies, on their philosophical views on intellect and soul, as well as on their practical philosophies: ethics and (in Al- Farabi) politics. In developing their philosophies, both Al-Kindi and Al-Farabi used notions of classical philosophy (mainly Aristotle and the Platonic tradition) and, to a lesser extent, religious, Islamic content - and therefore their positions are characterized by a very clear syncretism. For Al-Kindi and Al-Farabi, man is above all a subject of cognition, endowed with senses and will, but also with intellect, which should rule over his entire life. According to them, the highest goal of man is to contemplate the truth, not to succumb to the impulses coming from his own body, nor to concentrate only on a sensual experience.