Viet Nguyen

Vergleichbar dem Staunen begleitet die Verlegenheit als Motiv die Philosophie schon seit ihrer frühen Geschichte. Ihre besondere Bedeutung für das Philosophieren wurde bislang aber kaum herausgestellt. Der vorliegende Band spürt diesem Motiv in der Philosophie nach und zeigt in Auseinandersetzung mit diversen Denkern – Sokrates, Sextus Empiricus, Sören Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger, Theodor W. Adorno, Emanuel Lévinas und Odo Marquard – auf, was es bedeutet, die Verlegenheit zum Ausgangspunkt des eigenen Denkens zu machen. Um die Spezifik eines solchen verlegenen Denkens zu machen, zieht das Buch auch den Vergleich mit anderen ähnlichen Denkfiguren (Ironie, Skepsis) oder verwandten Konzepten (Staunen, Scham, Bescheidenheit) heran und diskutiert die entscheidenden Differenzen.

Confúcio (551 aC - 479 aC) - foi um filósofo, professor e estadista bem conhecido, bastante influente durante os períodos de Primavera-Outono dos Estados Combatentes na China. Somados a esses atributos, destaca-se o fato de ele ter sido um pensador que transmitiu à humanidade numerosos conceitos perspicazes, dentre os quais a doutrina da "retificação de nomes" (正名 - zhèng míng). Esta doutrina, que tem caráter profundo, abrangente e metódico, procura resgatar a sociedade de um estado de caos para um estado de ordem através da aplicação dos princípios da governabilidade benigna e através das virtudes. Nos tempos atuais, teríamos grandes ganhos humanos se conseguíssemos enxergar para além das suas falhas e encampar seus valores. Passado o tempo, nota-se que o pensamento de Confúcio sobre a rectificação de nomes ainda ostenta sua importância e serve como uma lição útil no avanço do desenvolvimento nacional das gentes.

When reusing existing ontologies for publishing a dataset in RDF (or developing a new ontology), preference may be given to those providing extensive subcategorization for important classes (denoted as focus classes). The subcategories may consist not only of named classes but also of compound class expressions. We define the notion of focused categorization power of a given ontology, with respect to a focus class and a concept expression language, as the (estimated) weighted count of the categories that can be built from the ontology’s signature, conform to the language, and are subsumed by the focus class. For the sake of tractable initial experiments we then formulate a restricted concept expression language based on existential restrictions, and heuristically map it to syntactic patterns over ontology axioms (so-called FCE patterns). The characteristics of the chosen concept expression language and associated FCE patterns are investigated using three different empirical sources derived from ontology collections: first, the concept expression pattern frequency in class definitions; second, the occurrence of FCE patterns in the Tbox of ontologies; and last, for class expressions generated from the Tbox of ontologies (through the FCE patterns); their ‘meaningfulness’ was assessed by different groups of users, yielding a ‘quality ordering’ of the concept expression patterns. The complementary analyses are then compared and summarized. To allow for further experimentation, a web-based prototype was also implemented, which covers the whole process of ontology reuse from keyword-based ontology search through the FCP computation to the selection of ontologies and their enrichment with new concepts built from compound expressions.