Xu Zhao

Patent strategy is increasingly recognized as a vital contributor in promoting core competitiveness of an enterprise. A top management team has been indicated as one of the key factors driving changes in patent strategy. Based on upper echelons theory, this study examines how TMT characteristics, including, team diversity, emotional intelligence, and safety climate, influence enterprise patent strategic change and, hence, the business outcome. The data from 930 top managers in 228 enterprises showed that the changes in patent strategies are significantly influenced by the characteristics of top managers. These aforementioned internal TMT factors have diverse effects on the speed and scope of the enterprise patent strategic change, which in turn affects firm performance in a positive and negative way, respectively.

Anthony Giddens' ideas on modernity and globalization show that globalization is modernity at the global level. The three characteristics of modernity: time-space separation, disembedding of social systems, and reflexivity have all been intensified in the last twenty years. Globalization is, on one hand, pulling different cultures together to form a global world; on the other hand, diversifying and fragmenting the social contexts of human activities. The modern individual struggles to adapt to the different social milieux he is involved in and finds it difficult to form a coherent identity. Modern social systems provide more security; it also creates risks of high-consequence. Human life is threatened with a sense of meaninglessness. Giddens suggests, in order to liberate themselves, human individuals should take more responsibility to make decisions on their own lifestyles and on social issues. Education should aim to develop the individual's ability to make rational choices.