•  9155
    Recent work in quantum gravity has revealed that closed universes appear to admit only a one-dimensional Hilbert space, implying zero information content. The leading resolution by Harlow, Usatyuk, and Zhao (arXiv:2501.02359, January 2025), featured in Quanta Magazine (November 2025), introduces observers as external additions to restore complexity. We demonstrate that this approach is self-contradictory: it resolves a closed universe problem by opening the universe, introducing boundaries in a …Read more