Yuriy Rotenfeld

The article substantiates the necessity of a transdisciplinary language — the Philosophical Matrix — built on a system of categories of pure mind (the identical, the different, the correlative, the opposite, the orthogonal). It is shown that quantitative concepts, contrary to R. Carnap [4], do not constitute an independent type but are a subtype of comparative concepts that use numbers as a substrate. A distinction is introduced between reason (as the operation of classificatory concepts) and mind (as the operation of comparative concepts). It is argued that animals possess mind (non-verbal thinking) without consciousness, whereas consciousness arises in humans with the appearance of names and classifications. Based on the distinction between two types of exchange — entropic (inanimate nature, a converging pair of opposites as the source of development) and negentropic (the living world and society, a diverging pair as the source of development) — an evolutionary model is constructed of the succession of four forms of resource exchange: from tyrannical through feudal and liberal to servistic. This evolution is presented as a trend figure of history, where the "price of the human personality" steadily rises despite wave-like declines. The Thucydides Trap is analyzed as a mechanism of class struggle in immoral (tyrannical and feudal) forms of exchange. The error of K. Marx is criticized: he declared the productive forces primary in relation to the relations of production and pitted opposite (friendly) classes against each other in a fratricidal war. Two paths of social development are proposed: the path of material growth with an expanding spiral and the path of moral education with a spiral contracted into a single turn, oriented toward an unattainable but regulative ideal.