Yves Sintomer

L’article discute dans une perspective de science politique les leçons à tirer de l’ouvrage de Claudia Moatti Res publica. Une histoire romaine de la chose publique. La première partie est centrée sur la méthode conceptuelle. Contre les usages positivistes de la langue et les approches essentialistes des concepts, une histoire attentive aux contextes et aux variations sémantiques est cruciale. Cette multiplicité sémantique doit à son tour être comprise comme politique. Si les oscillations de l’expression res publica nécessitent des analyses sur la courte durée, la longue durée et l’optique comparative impliquent à l’inverse de dégager des idéaux-types. La seconde partie de l’article analyse les interprétations contemporaines de la république, et les utilisations du mot. Les termes hérités de la res publica ont perdu de leur centralité politique, avec deux exceptions importantes : d’une part, la théorie politique et l’histoire des idées qui se proclament républicaines ; d’autre part, l’espace politico-intellectuel français. Dans les deux cas, la république dont il s’agit se rapproche davantage du second idéal-type dégagé par Claudia Moatti, qui met l’accent sur l’unité et le consensus, et qui envisage la res publica comme puissance publique. Les partisans contemporains du premier idéal-type, qui valorise l’action collective, le « tumulte », la citoyenneté active et la diversité de la cité, se tournent vers des termes différents, et en particulier vers celui de démocratie.

After two centuries during which it had nearly disappeared in Western countries, sortition is used again as a method of selecting people who could speak for, and in certain cases decide for, all the citizenry. What is the meaning of this comeback? To answer this question, this book offers a historical analysis. It brings together a number of the best specialists on political sortition from antiquity to contemporary experiments, in Europe but also in the Ancient Middle East and in imperial China. With a transdisciplinary perspective, this volume demonstrates that sortition has been a crucial device in political history; that the instruments and places where sortition was practised matter for the understanding of the social and political logics at stake; and that these logics have been quite different, random selection being sometimes an instrument of radical democracy and in other contexts a tool for solving conflicts among elites. Will sortition in politics helps to democratize democracy in the twenty-first century?

A contribution to the Common Knowledge symposium “Antipolitics,” this article examines the diverse types of imaginary that support sortition, which is currently at the heart of important debates on the reform of existing democratic institutions. Different and often diametrically opposed actors now advocate sortition as a tool for addressing crises of political representation. How are we to understand this convergence? Over the past two decades, the field of experience and the horizon of expectation of citizens in the global North have profoundly changed, and this article seeks to assess those changes in the context of three ideal types that advocate the use of randomly selected minipublics. This article analyzes, each in turn, the attraction of sortition for supporters and theorists of deliberative democracy, antipolitical democracy, and radical democracy, outlining the elements that unite and divide these imaginaries to help explain the astonishing convergence of voices in defense of sortition in politics.

This article defends four claims. The first is that in the last few decades, two waves of democratic innovation based on random selection must be differentiated by their partly different concrete devices, embodying different social dynamics and pointing toward different kinds of democracy. The second claim is that the rationale of the first wave, based on randomly selected minipublics, largely differs from the dynamic of political sortition in Athens, as it points toward deliberative democracy rather than radical democracy. Conversely, empowered sortition processes that have emerged during the second wave capture better the spirit of radical Athenian democratic traditions. The third claim is normative: these empowered sortition processes are more promising for a real democratization of democracy. The last claim is that any proposal of a legislature by lot must rely on this lesson when trying to defend a normatively convincing and politically realistic perspective.

La selección por sorteo ha tenido un renacimiento político, permitiendo la creación de mini-públicos cuyos miembros pueden deliberar en condiciones cercanas a las ideales. ¿Hay un resurgir parcial del ideal de la democracia radical ateniense? El artículo, en primer lugar, resume el papel de la selección por sorteo en Atenas, enfatizando su lógica democrática radical y destacando su singularidad en el mundo pre-moderno. El segundo apartado argumenta que los experimentos actuales suponen una racionalidad política sustancialmente diferente, basada en la muestra representativa, y ofrece una tipología general de los distintos usos del sorteo político. La conclusión expone las condiciones bajo las cuales los mini-públicos deliberativos contemporáneos podrían combinarse con la democracia radical.