Z Ahmed

Background: One of the most dangerous complications for mother and baby during cesarean section ishypotension due to spinal anesthesia. Several methods are used to prevent and treat hypotension, the safest of whichis fluid replacement. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of colloidal solutions and crystalloid solutions inpreventing hypotension resulting from spinal anesthesia during elective cesarean sections, along with assessing therequirement for vasopressors to treat severe hypotension due to the spinal anesthesia.Methods: This prospective comparative study was conducted in Erbil Maternity Teaching Hospital fromMay 2021 until October 2021. Two groups of 35 patients were prepared for elective cesarean section, crystalloid groupreceived normal saline, while the colloid group received voluven infusion. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic bloodpressure, and the need for vasopressors (a combination of ephedrine plus phenylephrine) were compared between thegroups.Results: There is no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of hypotension between the two groups(p-value>0.05), except at 5min, there was significant hypotension (p-value<0.0001 in the crystalloid group and p-value<0.003 in the colloid group). However, there is less need for vasopressor drugs to treat hypotension in the colloidgroup (p-value<0.001).Conclusion: Both colloidal and crystalloid solutions have been effective in preventing hypotension due to spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section. However, compared to the crystalloid group, in the colloidal infusion group, there isless need to use vasopressor drugs to treat hypotension.

BackgroundEthical reasoning and sensitivity are always important in public health, but it is especially important in the sensitive and complex area of public health emergency preparedness. Here, we explored the ethical challenges, and dilemmas encountered by frontline health workers amid the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic in Ethiopia.MethodsA nationwide survey was conducted amongst the frontline health workers from nineteen public hospitals. Health workers were invited to respond to a self-administered questionnaire. Data were weighted and analyzed using descriptive statistics.ResultsOf the 285 frontline health workers to whom questionnaires were distributed, 217 of them gave their responses (response rate 76.1%). Respondents frequently reported encountering rationing dilemmas on health commodities directly used for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Most (83.9%) of the health workers agreed that they encountered ethical challenges very frequently or frequently. Almost all [215(99.1%)] claimed that the limitation of resources was directly used for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19. The frequency of difficulty in the provision of essential clinical services varied between 77% and 98.7% for different services. More than half of the study participants reported that they had encountered difficulty in the provision of clinical care on a daily or weekly basis. Regarding rationing strategies, isolating COVID-19 treatment units and limiting admission were the most frequent rationing strategies used by two-thirds of health workers on a daily or weekly basis.ConclusionFront-line health workers encountered numerous ethically challenging situations during COVID-19. More than half of health workers reported that they encountered ethical challenges in rationing the resources and delivery of different clinical services such as family planning services, maternal and childcare, immunization, and chronic care. With limited resources such as ventilators and hospital beds, healthcare providers have been faced with the difficult task of deciding who gets access to these resources and who doesn't. Overall, the COVID-19 pandemic has presented numerous ethical challenges for healthcare providers, highlighting the importance of ethical considerations in healthcare delivery. By being aware of these dilemmas and having policies in place to address them, healthcare providers can ensure that they are providing the best possible care to their patients while upholding ethical standards.

Muslims living in England are living in a predicament. On the onehand, they have to face the reality that the laws governing the family institutionare secular in nature. This poses a threat to their identity and freedom ofreligion. On the other hand, they are commanded by Islam to settle theirdisputes according to its laws and principles. However, this is unrealistic,simply due to the fact that the only recognized legal system in England isthe English Law. To circumvent this situation, certain Muslim scholars andcommunities have established quasi-judicial courts, acting in the capacity ofmediators, counsellors, arbitrators and even judges, in order to settle maritaldisputes. These courts, known as Shariah councils, provide a modern approachto alternative dispute resolution, whereby Muslim families and individualscan have their disputes resolved amicably. It was also set up as a response forMuslims to adapt to life under the English secular laws in which they live in,that do not afford them the right of having a Sharʑah-based institution. Onesuch Shariah council offering a modern approach to settling marital disputesamicably is the Islamic Council of Europe. The researcher conducted anin-depth interview with the said council and was able to collect a couple ofarbitrational cases and analysed them in order to give a better understandinginto its inner workings, its structural set-up and operation. Hence, this paperaims to critically and juristically analyse them from an Islamic legal maximperspective while taking the Muslim minority context into consideration.

Corporate social responsibility remains a topic of interest for both theory and practice due to its multifaceted avenues and potential for growth. We have chosen embedded CSR and peripheral CSR measures to evaluate how these activities affect the employee turnover intentions via a mediation mechanism of organizational citizenship behavior. In doing so, this study addresses important stakeholder concerns and provides meaningful managerial contributions for the employers to encourage more employee participation toward sustainable corporate performance. This study incorporates four hypotheses that are tested in a structural equation modeling framework by employing Warp-PLS software. Data were collected from 297 employees working in firms that are renowned for their CSR initiatives. We found support for our key hypotheses leading to strong theoretical contributions to the stakeholder theory. We have addressed the main issues of stakeholders’ response to the CSR tradeoffs and have tried to develop a deeper understanding of managers in initiating peripheral and embedded CSR activities for their firms.

The integration of cellular networks and vehicular networks is complex and heterogeneous. Synchronization among vehicles in heterogeneous vehicular clusters plays an important role in effective data sharing and the stability of the cluster. This synchronization depends on the smooth exchange of information between vehicles and remote servers over the Internet. The remote servers predict road traffic patterns by adopting deep learning methods to help drivers on the roads. At the same time, local data processing at the vehicular cluster level may increase the capabilities of remote servers. However, global positioning system signal interruption, especially in the urban environment, plays a big part in the detritions of synchronization among the vehicles that lead to the instability of the cluster. Instability of connections is a major hurdle in developing cost-effective solutions for deriving assistance and route planning applications. To solve this problem, a self-localization scheme within the vehicular cluster is proposed. The proposed self-localization scheme handles GPS signal interruption to the vehicle within the cluster. A unique clustering criterion and a synchronization mechanism for sharing traffic information system data among multiple vehicles are developed. The developed scheme is simulated and compared with existing known approaches. The results show the better performance of our proposed scheme over others.

Let $X$ be a compact Kähler manifold and $\omega $ be a smooth closed form of bidegree $$ which is nonnegative and big. We study the classes ${\mathcal{E}}_{\chi }$ of $\omega $-plurisubharmonic functions of finite weighted Monge-Ampère energy. When the weight $\chi $ has fast growth at infinity, the corresponding functions are close to be bounded. We show that if a positive Radon measure is suitably dominated by the Monge-Ampère capacity, then it belongs to the range of the Monge-Ampère operator on some class ${\mathcal{E}}_{\chi }$. This is done by establishing a priori estimates on the capacity of sublevel sets of the solutions. Our result extends those of U. Cegrell’s and S. Kolodziej’s and puts them into a unifying frame. It also gives a simple proof of S. T. Yau’s celebrated a priori ${\mathcal{C}}^0$-estimate.

In the digital age, where physical space constraints in scholarly publishing have largely diminished, the recurring editorial justification of “limited space” for manuscript rejection appears increasingly indefensible. This commentary critically examines the ethical and economic dimensions of this rationale, particularly when it results in redirection to fee-based open access (OA) sister journals. While peer-reviewed publication decisions are ideally grounded in scientific merit, novelty, and methodological rigor, the authors argue that the space limitation rationale may function as a pretext to curate journal branding or steer submissions toward revenue-generating platforms. The expansion of OA publishing, though intended to democratize knowledge dissemination, has in some cases evolved into a profit-driven model that imposes article processing charges on authors. Such practices risk compromising editorial transparency, fairness, and academic equity. The authors advocate for clearer editorial policies, increased transparency in decision-making, and the adoption of mechanisms such as dynamic submission dashboards to inform authors of real-time publication capacity. Rejections should be based on scholarly merit rather than logistical or commercial interests. This article calls for reinforcing the ethical foundations of academic publishing to ensure that decisions reflect genuine scholarly standards and not economic expediency.

Peer review is the cornerstone of scholarly publishing, ensuring the quality and credibility of academic research. As Article Processing Charges (APC) continue to rise, many journals provide only symbolic rewards to reviewers, such as certificates of appreciation and/or minimal discount vouchers, raising ethical concerns about fairness and the marginalization of scholarly labour. This commentary explores the disparity between the financial gains of journals and the no compensation for reviewers, who are crucial to maintaining research standards. It questions whether the current model appropriately recognizes the reviewer’s contributions and advocates for actual compensation structures, including financial rewards, substantial reductions in APC, and professional recognition. Additionally, the article highlights the impact of these inequities on early-career researchers and scholars from less affluent regions, suggesting that equitable compensation could improve the sustainability and efficiency of the peer review process. By addressing these ethical concerns, scholarly publishing can better support the essential work of reviewers while fostering a more just and inclusive scholarly environment.

The objective of this study is to review the author/submission guidelines of dental journals and assess their plagiarism policies. A questionnaire based on seven variables was used to extract plagiarism-checking guidelines from the author/submission guidelines of the 50 dental journals subjected to scrutiny. Author/submission guidelines of two journals named the software used for assessing the similarity index; and the scope of plagiarism detection was reported in 4% of the author/submission guidelines. Exemptions pertaining to plagiarism checks were briefly addressed in 2% of the author/submission guidelines evaluated. None of the author/submission guidelines addressed all the variables presented in the questionnaire. The present study reveals a concerning lack of uniformity and specificity in how dental journals address it within their submission guidelines. The present study showed that only a small fraction of dental journals transparently disclose the tools they employ, define thresholds for acceptable similarity, or provide exemptions for commonly repeated sections such as acknowledgments, references, or ethical approvals. It is suggested that journal editors and publishers consider developing and adopting standardized anti-plagiarism frameworks that acknowledge both the limitations of text-matching tools and the practical constraints inherent in scientific writing.

Since Edward Said’s publication of Orientalism in 1978, so-called Western social theory and its claim to universal analytical validity has been exposed to severe criticism. Scholars from the field of postcolonial studies were most vocal in criticizing the Eurocentric nature of the conceptual apparatus of the social sciences. Indeed, contemporary social theory almost exclusively refers to the historical experiences of Western Europe and North America. Yet what is the alternative to these Eurocentric frameworks? Many postcolonial critics use very few non-English sources and tend to focus on the deconstruction of European and American theories. This chapters of this volume provide a turn of perspective. The authors critically reflect upon the concepts of so-called Western social theory by engaging with social science literature and social theory in Arabic. Questions addressed include: What are the concepts, themes, and historical narratives in contemporary Arabic social theory? In which ways do Arab social theorists provide us with alternatives to the conceptual apparatuses employed by so-called Western social theory? To what extent are Arab and Western social theories entangled with each other?

This chapter is an attempt to decenter history writing on the First World War. The war was a momentous event that reshaped large parts of the world in enduring ways. The Middle East was among the regions most profoundly affected by this war and its outcomes. Life after the war was radically different from what people had known and experienced prior to this landmark event. Putting an end to empires and leading to a change in political systems on a previously unseen scale, the war also had profound effects on the day-to-day lives of ordinary people. Despite these fateful consequences, so far, no systematic study exists on the ways in which Arab historians have understood and presented the First World War to an Arab readership. Taking historiography in Arabic on the First World War as its subject of inquiry, this chapter explores the ways in which historians have described and analyzed this global event.

This article will explore the evaluation of the Gothic monster by comparing Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, published in (1818), with contemporary digital Gothic works of Black Mirror and The Ring. Through this comparison, themes of monstrosity, isolation, and fear are used to analyze the transformation of Gothic tradition as a response to social anxieties about technology and identity. This article traces the evolution from the supernatural Gothic of the 19th century, represented by Frankenstein’s creature, to modern psychological and technological horrors embedded in digital media. It shows how the Gothic genre has been able to evolve and adapt to represent contemporary fears about technological control, surveillance, and the loss of personal agency. It offers a lens through which society’s evolving concerns are reflected in cultural narratives.

Background Although research has established that the work environment significantly shapes nurses’ ethical behavior, it’s less clear whether decent work could influence ethical ideologies of nurses. Aim To investigate the decent work conditions and ethical ideologies of nurses, and to analyze whether decent work influences their ethical ideologies. Methods A multicenter cross-sectional survey was conducted among 203 nurses working in three tertiary governmental hospitals across two cities in Egypt. We utilized the Scale of Decent Work, which consists of 15 items distributed across five dimensions, to assess the level of decent work conditions. Additionally, the Ethics Position Questionnaire, containing 20 items divided into two categories—idealism and relativism—was used to evaluate the ethical ideologies of nurses. Pearson correlation and linear regression analyses were applied to analyze the data. Ethical considerations Ethical approval from the ethics committee, institutional permission, and informed consent from the participants were obtained for data collection. Results The findings indicated that the levels of decent work conditions were moderate, while the ethical ideologies of nurses were relatively high. Stepwise multiple linear regression analyses revealed that the idealism of nurses was significantly predicted by two dimensions of decent work—organizational values, and hours allowing for free time and rest—along with the overall decent work score. Meanwhile, the relativism of nurses was significantly predicted by the presence of physically and interpersonally safe working conditions. Conclusions Nurses experiencing decent work conditions characterized by high organizational values and adequate hours for free time and rest are more inclined to adopt idealistic ethical ideology. Meanwhile, those experiencing physically and interpersonally safe working conditions tend to embrace relativistic ethical ideology. Implications for clinical practice Identifying the relationship between decent work conditions and the ethical ideologies of nurses can assist hospital administrators in fostering work conditions that promote appropriate ethical ideologies among nurses.

This perspective highlights a growing and concerning trend within the scientific publishing community: the increasing incidence of manuscript rejections within twenty-four hours of submission without peer review, followed by offers of transfer to a sister journal with a high article processing fee. Recommendations to address such issues, including increased transparency in the manuscript review process, the establishment of more robust editorial guidelines, and the promotion of equitable publishing opportunities regardless of financial capability have also been proposed.

Background Ethical reasoning and sensitivity are always important in public health, but it is especially important in the sensitive and complex area of public health emergency preparedness. Here, we explored the ethical challenges, and dilemmas encountered by frontline health workers amid the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic in Ethiopia. Methods A nationwide survey was conducted amongst the frontline health workers from nineteen public hospitals. Health workers were invited to respond to a self-administered questionnaire. Data were weighted and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Of the 285 frontline health workers to whom questionnaires were distributed, 217 of them gave their responses (response rate 76.1%). Respondents frequently reported encountering rationing dilemmas on health commodities directly used for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Most (83.9%) of the health workers agreed that they encountered ethical challenges very frequently or frequently. Almost all [215(99.1%)] claimed that the limitation of resources was directly used for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19. The frequency of difficulty in the provision of essential clinical services varied between 77% and 98.7% for different services. More than half of the study participants reported that they had encountered difficulty in the provision of clinical care on a daily or weekly basis. Regarding rationing strategies, isolating COVID-19 treatment units and limiting admission were the most frequent rationing strategies used by two-thirds of health workers on a daily or weekly basis. Conclusion Front-line health workers encountered numerous ethically challenging situations during COVID-19. More than half of health workers reported that they encountered ethical challenges in rationing the resources and delivery of different clinical services such as family planning services, maternal and childcare, immunization, and chronic care. With limited resources such as ventilators and hospital beds, healthcare providers have been faced with the difficult task of deciding who gets access to these resources and who doesn't. Overall, the COVID-19 pandemic has presented numerous ethical challenges for healthcare providers, highlighting the importance of ethical considerations in healthcare delivery. By being aware of these dilemmas and having policies in place to address them, healthcare providers can ensure that they are providing the best possible care to their patients while upholding ethical standards.

Abstract: The analytical, comparative cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the thyroid profiles and modified lipid profiles levels among Sudanese patients with coronary heart disease performed on forty-one patients with coronary heart disease as test group collected from Sudan Heart Center, Al rebat teaching hospital and Al mawada hospital in Khartoum state, during the period between November 2017 and May 2018. Furthermore, the test group compared with forty-one apparently healthy volunteers as control group was selected with the same inclusion criteria. Spectrophotometeric methods were used for measurement of lipid profile. Thyroid hormones (T3 &T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone were measured by using Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Moreover, statistical package for social science (SPSS version 23) computer software was used for data analysis. The study clearly demonstrated that there was statistically significant decrease in T3, and significant increase in T4 levels in test group compared to control with (P. value 0.047) for T3, and (P. value 0.002) for T4.Nonetheless, the result of this study indicated a significant elevation in mean of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and significant decrease in high density lipoprotein –cholesterol in test group compared to control (P.value 0.000). In conclusion Coronary heart diseases patients have significantly low Triiodothyronine, elevated Thyroxin, and normal Thyroid Stimulating Hormone levels, with significantly higher Total Cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol concentrations, and lower HighDensity Lipoprotein-Cholesterol concentrations.

Organizations are increasingly finding it challenging to balance economic and environmental performance particularly those that face competitive, regulatory and community pressure. With the increasing pressures for environmental sustainability, this calls for the new formulation of strategies by the manufacturers in order to minimize their products and services negative impact on the environment. Hence, Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) continues to be an important research agenda among the researchers. In Palestine, green issues are new and still developing. Constant study is needed to fully understand and update information regarding this area. Objective: The aim of this paper is to explore the views and level of acceptance of GHRM practices among manufacturing firms in Palestine. Results: Through the use of e-mail survey, 121 responses were obtained to generate the results of the study. The result showed GHRM practices have been practiced to somewhat to a greater extent a firms in Palestine. Findings can be extended to study on the issues in further. Academicians and practitioners can apply this result to their research and business strategies on how to improve sustainable performance and to effectively implement GHRM practices.

Muslims in the U.S. are increasingly looking to integrate into its society while trying not to lose their identity as Muslims. They find themselves in a dilemma when it comes to the issue of congratulating and even partaking in the festivals of non-Muslims in the U.S. This issue has gained prominence and momentum after the event of 9-11, in which the Muslims wanted to show and prove their tolerance and acceptance towards others while trying to hold onto and maintain the core principles of Islam. For this reason, this topic is a hotly debated issue in the U.S. and the West in general and a cause of division and confusion amongst Muslims. However, in order to justify their position and feel that they are following the teachings of Islam, they turned to the Islamic scholars, both in the West and the Muslim world, regarding the permissibility or prohibition of congratulating and partaking in non-Muslim festivals. This paper employs a qualitative methodology to analyse the fatāwā of permissibility and its effects on the Muslims living as minorities in the U.S. This qualitative method will give readers an insight, through a questionnaire that was conducted by the researchers, into how the Muslims in the U.S. perceive the issue of congratulating and/or partaking in the religious festivals of the non-Muslims.

Antibiotic resistance is a critical threat to human and animal health. Despite the importance of antibiotics, regulators continue to allow antibiotics to be used in low-value applications - subtherapeutic dosing in animals, and spraying tobacco plants for blue mold, for example - where the benefits are unlikely to outweigh the costs in terms of increased resistance. We explore the application of a user fee in non-human uses of antibiotics. Such a fee would efficiently deter low value uses while also providing funding to support the development of the urgently needed new antibiotics.

People with learning disability sometimes display challenging behaviour. This can be managed by use of antipsychotic medication or behavioural therapy or both. There is no solid evidence, however, that these therapies are safe and effective. A randomised controlled trial of antipsychotic medication has been proposed to deliver such evidence. However, this presents difficult issues in the ethics of research with learning disabled people. In particular, is a trial the most efficient and fairest way to evaluate practice in this area? This paper reviews the clinical situation, gives the rationale for the trial, and analyses the ethical arguments for and against such a trial.

International marketing practices, embedded in a strong ethical doctrine, can play a vital role in raising the standards of business conduct worldwide, while in no way compromising the quality of services or products offered to customers, or surrendering the profit margins of businesses. Adherence to such ethical practices can help to elevate the standards of behavior and thus of living, of traders and consumers alike. Against this background, this paper endeavors to identify the salient features of the Islamic framework of International Marketing Ethics. In particular, it highlights the capabilities and strengths of this framework in creating and sustaining a strong ethical international marketing culture. At the heart of Islamic marketing is the principle of value-maximization based on equity and justice (constituting just dealing and fair play) for the wider welfare of the society. Selected key international marketing issues are examined from an Islamic perspective which, it is argued, if adhered to, can help to create a value-loaded global ethical marketing framework for MNCs in general, and establish harmony and meaningful cooperation between international marketers and Muslim target markets in particular.