Jose Ruiz

This paper begins by summarizing the critique that Natorp directed towards Husserl’s conception of phenomenology. It can be considered that this critique has two major moments. First, it is a critique against the assumption that immediate life can be treated as an immanent “fi eld” or “region” that can be known in reflection. Second, it is a critique against the assumption that the logos that gives an accurate account of immediate life, that is, the original phenomenological logos, has to take the form of a conceptual description: since every concept seems to operates an abstraction of concrete life, it seems problematic how an eidetic categorical analysis could safeguard the original reality of immediate life; in other words, it seems problematic that such an operative logos could be considered the original accomplishment of phenomenology. Heidegger acknowledged the depth of Natorp’s critical remarks and understood that they involved a real methodological problem for an accurate understanding of the phenomenological endeavour. This paper tries to clarify how the assumption of an indicative character of meaningful distinctions can overcome Natorp’s critique. To assume the indicative character of a meaningful distinction means, here, to operate with distinctions in such a way that their original dependence on concrete factual life is acknowledged, in other words, to use distinctions assuming that they are carried out for the sake of that which does not involve the categorical form of the meaningful distinction and, therefore, to use distinctions, not for their own sake, but in order to remit or indicate that concrete reality which precedes them. This paper defends also that the consequent assumption of the indicative character of meaningful distinctions is to lead to a new and more genuine understanding of phenomenology and how the phenomenological endeavour is to be carried out. Finally, this paper tries to show that this important motive is really present in Heidegger’s first lessons in Freiburg. Nevertheless, the paper also points out that the original understanding of phenomenology that this motive had to open, was soon miscarried. In Heidegger’s thought, the indicative character of philosophical concepts is not fully assumed. That motive is entangled with other irreconcilable elements that end up ruining the original possibilities that it should have contributed to unveil. These distorting elements, which ultimately prevail in Heidegger’s philosophy, are what make up for Heidegger’s theory of formal indications and for his hermeneutical transformation of phenomenology.

This paper begins by summarizing the critique that Natorp directed towards Husserl’s conception of phenomenology. It can be considered that this critique has two major moments. First, it is a critique against the assumption that immediate life can be treated as an immanent “fi eld” or “region” that can be known in reflection. Second, it is a critique against the assumption that the logos that gives an accurate account of immediate life, that is, the original phenomenological logos, has to take the form of a conceptual description: since every concept seems to operates an abstraction of concrete life, it seems problematic how an eidetic categorical analysis could safeguard the original reality of immediate life; in other words, it seems problematic that such an operative logos could be considered the original accomplishment of phenomenology. Heidegger acknowledged the depth of Natorp’s critical remarks and understood that they involved a real methodological problem for an accurate understanding of the phenomenological endeavour. This paper tries to clarify how the assumption of an indicative character of meaningful distinctions can overcome Natorp’s critique. To assume the indicative character of a meaningful distinction means, here, to operate with distinctions in such a way that their original dependence on concrete factual life is acknowledged, in other words, to use distinctions assuming that they are carried out for the sake of that which does not involve the categorical form of the meaningful distinction and, therefore, to use distinctions, not for their own sake, but in order to remit or indicate that concrete reality which precedes them. This paper defends also that the consequent assumption of the indicative character of meaningful distinctions is to lead to a new and more genuine understanding of phenomenology and how the phenomenological endeavour is to be carried out. Finally, this paper tries to show that this important motive is really present in Heidegger’s first lessons in Freiburg. Nevertheless, the paper also points out that the original understanding of phenomenology that this motive had to open, was soon miscarried. In Heidegger’s thought, the indicative character of philosophical concepts is not fully assumed. That motive is entangled with other irreconcilable elements that end up ruining the original possibilities that it should have contributed to unveil. These distorting elements, which ultimately prevail in Heidegger’s philosophy, are what make up for Heidegger’s theory of formal indications and for his hermeneutical transformation of phenomenology.

Hadot establece una oposición excluyente entre naturaleza y técnica —oposición que, según él, se remonta al mundo griego—, presentando (en acuerdo con Heidegger) una actitud pesimista ante la técnica moderna. En cambio, Ortega subraya que la finalidad de la técnica no es dominar la naturaleza, sino permitir que el hombre siga siendo lo que es, aunque para ello se vea obligado a modificarla. La naturaleza de la técnica radica en ofrecer al ser humano las herramientas para poder defenderse de las agresiones de la naturaleza circundante. Esto está lejos de ser algo obvio, pues la naturaleza se ha ocultado de tal manera en el ámbito de la técnica que cuesta mucho esfuerzo detectar su presencia. Esta es una de las tareas más acuciantes a las que se enfrenta la filosofía hoy.

This study analyzes the impact on the perception of a product by consumers, in an educational context, through the inclusion of works of art in the product design and applying active methodologies such as game-based learning (GBL). An educational intervention carried out in a secondary school is presented, trying to investigate if the incorporation of artistic elements to a product is perceived in different magnitude in relation to its value, quality, or luxury among students. In addition, an experimental group to which an activity using GBL was previously applied is shown and the results of the different answers given by the different groups of students are compared. The results suggest that the incorporation of artistic elements improves the perception of the value and quality of the product and that those students who were part of the experimental group valued the products even better, with significant differences between the two groups, in addition to enriching their educational experience. This research highlights the importance of integrating art into the educational curriculum as well as the application of active methodologies in the teaching process in order to improve both the educational experience and the learning process.

El presente escrito tiene como objetivo analizar el viaje que realizan José Vasconcelos, Alfonso Taracena y Gabriel Botas en 1937 por Estados Unidos de América. Se estudian, desde distintas perspectivas, los pormenores de dicha travesía. Por un lado, se abordará el género relato de viaje en sí mismo, estudiado a través de la narración que Taracena nos presenta y sobre los lugares que visita; por el otro lado, el perfil de análisis diserta también sobre la importancia que tanto Vasconcelos como la editorial Botas tuvieron en la vida cultural e intelectual mexicana de la primera mitad del siglo xx. Finalmente, hacemos un recuento de lo que significó la estrategia publicitaria planteada por Taracena (y nunca autorizada por Vasconcelos) en los procesos de difusión de la editorial Botas.

El presente trabajo versa sobre las posibilidades de agencia animal (en términos de cultura, lenguaje, ética y política) en la novela Su nombre era muerte del escritor mexicano Rafael Bernal, a través del concepto de devenir animal de la filosofía contemporánea. Como punto de partida, se toma la apertura de mundo acontecida en esta novela —el aprendizaje del protagonista del lenguaje de los moscos anófeles de la Selva Lacandona—; después, se presenta un resumen de distintas posturas filosóficas sobre el lugar de los animales en la cultura: la modernidad cartesiana, el vitalismo de Nietzsche, la reconstrucción ontológica del posthumanismo y el devenir animal en Deleuze, Guattari y otros filósofos contemporáneos. El objetivo del texto es repensar las capacidades creadoras de la vida animal (así como sus límites y abusos) dentro de la construcción cultural de las sociedades contemporáneas.

In other work, I have explored what is political about intrafamilial violence. I claimed that intrafamilial violence is political not only because it involves violating human rights but, more fundamentally, because social structures contribute to its explanation. Exploring what is political about intrafamilial violence allows us to identify two crucial features. First, the structural explanation suggests that the political community’s social practices contribute to the broader context that gives meaning to intrafamilial violence as a tool for control. Accordingly, it is not just the offender but the political community that should also be called to account. Second, it shows that intrafamilial violence, as a tool for control, undermines not just the body but the social power of the victim while simultaneously empowering the offender. This paper examines these features in more detail and shows their importance for criminal law theory, namely, as reasons for justifying criminalising intrafamilial violence.

Resumen:El artículo explora la relación entre memoria y tecnología en la obra de Bernard Stiegler, centrando su análisis en la "retención terciaria", una forma de memoria externalizada en artefactos técnicos. La tecnología, más allá de almacenar información, reconfigura los procesos mnemotécnicos e identidad humana, desafiando las distinciones tradicionales entre memoria orgánica y artificial. La era digital transforma cómo recordamos y construimos narrativas personales y colectivas, presentando tanto posibilidades de enriquecimiento cognitivo, como riesgos de erosión de la memoria interna y la identidad cultural. El enfoque filosófico de Stiegler invita a una reflexión crítica sobre las implicaciones éticas y existenciales de la tecnología en la sociedad contemporánea.Palabras clave: memoria; tecnología; retención terciaria; identidad; externalización.

En sus primeras lecciones de Friburgo, Heidegger planteó que una conceptuación originariamente filosófica debía tener un carácter indicativo-formal. Esto involucraba una transformación metodológica de la fenomenología hacia una hermenéutica de la vida fáctica. En este artículo se expone cómo la asunción de un procedimiento indicativo-formal permite a Heidegger superar ciertos problemas, apuntados por Natorp, que amenazaban la comprensión de Husserl de la fenomenología. Por otra parte, se hace también una consideración crítica del planteamiento fenomenológico original de Heidegger. In his first Freiburg lessons Heidegger proposed that an original philosophical conceptualization had to have a formal-indicative character. This involved a deep methodological transformation of phenomenology towards a hermeneutics of factual life. This work expounds how the assumption of a formal-indicative procedure allows Heidegger to overcome certain problems of Husserl's understanding of phenomenology, which Natorp had pointed out. Besides, this paper makes a critical consideration of Heidegger's original phenomenological approach

A lo largo de la historia, la filosofía ha situado gran parte del foco de su quehacer en el constructo intelectual de sistemas de pensamiento que profundizaran en el análisis del mundo. Si embargo, existe una tendencia marginal, dentro de la tradición filosófica, que apuesta por acercarse a la filosofía como una disciplina práctica. En este artículo trataremos de focalizar la investigación en dos pensadores, separados por más de dos mil años, que apostaron por situar la praxis en el epicentro de la filosofía: Pirrón de Élide y Matthew Lipman. El primero dio lugar a un escepticismo donde la ejemplaridad del acto configuraba la doctrina. El segundo, Matthew Lipman, diseñó una metodología de filosofía para niños que ensalza la praxis comunitaria como eje desde el que fundamentar el aprendizaje de la filosofía. Cada uno, desde diferentes planos, el individual por parte de Pirrón y el colectivo en el caso de Lipman, han sido esenciales para poner el valor el sentido práctico de la filosofía. Palabras clave: Práctica; Praxis; Filosofía; Lipman; Pirrón.

La democracia vive estremecida desde el comienzo del tercer milenio al que se asoma la humanidad. El 11 S fue el desencadenante de una tensión íntima que debilitó los fundamentos de la Modernidad política después de la proclamación a los cuatro vientos de que la historia había finalizado. La victoria occidental en la Guerra Fría que quedó plasmada con la caída del Muro berlinés se volatilizó en un puñado de años. Desde entonces las emociones se han adueñado de la convivencia colectiva mientras que la racionalidad política ha ido siendo marginada y desplazada a un papel secundario, sino residual…

8 March, now known as International Women’s Day, is a day for feminist claims where demonstrations are organized in over 150 countries, with the participation of millions of women all around the world. These demonstrations can be viewed as collective rituals and thus focus attention on the processes that facilitate different psychosocial effects. This work aims to explore the mechanisms involved in participation in the demonstrations of 8 March 2020, collective and ritualized feminist actions, and their correlates associated with personal well-being and collective well-being, collective efficacy and collective growth, and behavioral intention to support the fight for women’s rights. To this end, a cross-cultural study was conducted with the participation of 2,854 people from countries in Latin America and Europe, with a retrospective correlational cross-sectional design and a convenience sample. Participants were divided between demonstration participants and non-demonstrators or followers who monitored participants through the media and social networks. Compared with non-demonstrators and with males, female and non-binary gender respondents had greater scores in mechanisms and criterion variables. Further random-effects model meta-analyses revealed that the perceived emotional synchrony was consistently associated with more proximal mechanisms, as well as with criterion variables. Finally, sequential moderation analyses showed that proposed mechanisms successfully mediated the effects of participation on every criterion variable. These results indicate that participation in 8M marches and demonstrations can be analyzed through the literature on collective rituals. As such, collective participation implies positive outcomes both individually and collectively, which are further reinforced through key psychological mechanisms, in line with a Durkheimian approach to collective rituals.