X. Wang

Confucian thought starting point is the concern of social relationships, the goal is to establish social order to achieve the harmony of social relationships. Confucius, Mencius, who moderate view of the world, do not go to extremes, so the relationship between the individual and society is not a simple emphasis on one aspect, hoping to establish a harmonious relationship between the individual and society. Personal and social, private and public, conflict between themselves and others, as well as conflicts, Confucius, Mencius, choose the interests of society. Confucius and Mencius attached great importance to the establishment of social order the way, the way that social order should be established ceremony. Mencius on human nature is good starting from the proposed concentric theory that comply with "ceremony" is a person of conscience, self-conscious group of human behavior. Managers should set a good example of social context, to establish a sound mechanism of social enlightenment, in order to carry forward the inherent "four-terminal" of the heart, to promote members of the community spontaneously, and abide by social norms, in order to coordinate the individual and community, self and others, the relationship between private and public, to the social harmony of the situation

Weier Mo critical theory is an important representative of the second generation, his theory of Habermas thought Pullman shift exchanges. However, relative to post-modernism of Habermas's overall negative stance, Weier Mo believes that post-modernity is the result of self-development of modernity, postmodernism is modernism of the internal criticism and thorough. Modernity and post-modernity is not simply between the antagonistic relationship, but rather interdependent and intertwined dialectical relationship. This paper attempts to explain Weier Mo modernity and post-modern reconstruction of the logic of dialectics, of Weier Mo between thought and Habermas intrinsic critical thinking, this relationship can be critical within the meaning and truth, democracy and political to start a new understanding of the relationship

Marx's analysis of philosophy and the relationship between the social and historical conditions, based on the philosophy of abandoning an independent, and to establish a task analysis of real social contradictions of the new materialism. This new materialist analysis of social conflicts based on the real realization of each person's freedom to seek, and use it as a philosophical subject of study. According to this philosophy, the study of philosophy is from the "earth up to heaven," rather than "down to earth from heaven", so as to achieve real unity and transcendence. Marx's each person's freedom beyond the core proposition contains the unity and reality, to solve it from the relationship between man and nature, from the relationship between the human and social, from the relationship between man and his own three in starting to explore the idea of combining the freedom of each person must resolve conflicts. On the foundation of analyzing the relation of philosophy and social condition, Karl Marx "aufheben" the independent philosophy, and established a new materialism which aimed at analyzing the actual social contradiction. By analyzing the actual social contradiction, the new materialism seeks to realize freedom of each people, makes it the theme of its philosophical research. According to this view about philosophy, philosophical research is to "begin with the earth and up to the heaven", and not "begin with the earth and down to the earth", and to unite the reality and the transcendent. Karl Marx's core proposition of the realization of freedom of each people implies the unity of the reality and the transcendent, and tries to analyze the contradiction which every people faces from three united perspectives: the relation of man and nature, the relation of man and society and the relation of man and himself

The combination of moral and political traditional Chinese political culture is a major feature, so that China's traditional political Dehua is called political or ethical politics. Advocates should be given from Confucius to Sun Yat-sen, Mao Zedong summarized the history, the relationship between the moral and political issues, also followed such a principle of historicism: his successor, while the traditional Chinese virtue, but also in exploring for beyond this tradition in Chinese political culture, from traditional to modern conversion process, Mao Zedong's unique new rule of virtue. The integration of politics and morals featured Chinese traditional political culture, and Chinese traditional politics was called moral-oriented politics. Mao Zedong, who proposed the history from Confucius to Sun Zhongshan should be concluded objectively, kept such a historical principle in the relationship of politics and morals: he inherited the tradition on one hand, but tried to transcended it on the other hand. As a result, Mao Zedong's thoughts on it had its unique characteristic in the transferring of Chinese political culture from the traditional to the modern

"Elephant" is Zhang Zai important concept in philosophy, there are images and the heart as two connotations. Images that "gas"-shaped appear under the form of sensory objects, including not only physical, but also the invisible elephant. Heart Like that "gas" in the form of manifestation of consciousness, as thought objects, including the content in the virtual sense, science and other metaphysical concepts. Images as the same thing with the heart as "gas" appear in two different ways, are "air" of the "elephant", which unified the shape and form on the next, is to understand Zhang Zai "Gas" On the philosophy of the key hub, with profound theoretical significance

McKinsey Axiom is the modal formula LMA $\to$ MLA which has some elusive semantic properties. The canonicity and compactness of the axiom are the problems historically important in the development of our understanding of intensional logic. These problems, however, were unsolved for years in modal logic. Recently, Robert Goldblatt showed that the McKinsey Axiom is not canonical. Then the remaining task is to solve the problem of the compactness of the axiom. The major result in this dissertation is a proof in S 4 showing that the McKinsey Axiom is not compact. The dissertation also contains a variation of Goldblatt's proof and a demonstration that the model constructed by Goldblatt for showing that the McKinsey Axiom is not canonical is not suitable for showing that the McKinsey Axiom is not compact

The dissertation is a critique of postmodernism and poststructuralism. I argue that these theories are not subversive of late capitalism but symptomatic of it. There is a "structural affinity" between Saussure's linguistics, which postmodernism and poststructuralism draw heavily upon, and the operation of the market. Commodities have a self-referential relationship among themselves--the exchange value of each commodity is determined by its relationship with other commodities independently of human needs and use-values. Similarly, signifiers have a self-referential relationship among themselves--the meaning of each signifier is determined by its relationship with other signifiers independently of the signified and referent. The postmodernist and poststructuralist polemic against the German critical tradition from Hegel to Marx is another sign of the congruity between postmodernism/poststructuralism and late capitalism. In the philosophical history of modernity, the German critical tradition has been a counter position against the modern paradigm as founded upon British empiricism. This tradition is now systematically attacked by postmodernism and poststructuralism. Derrida substitutes a self-referential sign for Husserl's transcendental consciousness; Kristeva transforms Hegel's dialectical into her "signifying process" and in so doing has the body put the mind on trial; and Baudrillard changes Marx's "natural needs" from a category of value into a category of fact, and therefore concludes that this category is untenable. To interrogate postmodernism and poststructuralism in a longer historical perspective, I examine the conceptual foundation of modernity from Descartes onward. I argue that the modern self is not transcendental but sensuous, and that the problematics of modernity do not converge on the "metaphysics of presence," but on solipsism, on the incommutability of sensuous experience from one self to another, and finally on the necessity to resort to commerce of self-interest to maintain human connection

This thesis aims at suggesting a possible way for virtue ethics to explain moral motivation. If this attempt is successful, it will turn out that in this respect virtue ethics, or a certain version of it, is better than other types of ethical theories. ;After showing that various theories about moral motivation, or the rationality of morality, are far from satisfactory, I proceed, by discussing and defending virtue ethics, to sketch a new framework of understanding and solving the problem of moral motivation. ;Virtue ethics was popular in ancient Greece and China, but until quite recently it had been ignored mainly because it was, and still is, perceived to be conceptually obscure and metaphysically incongruous with contemporary science. Against this perception I argue that virtue ethics can be naturalized via the ideal observer theory , and that virtues can be best understood as character traits that ideal observers would admire or desire. ;One consequence of this is the disappearance of the "unscientific" metaphysical underpinnings that make many people balk at taking virtue ethics seriously. A more important consequence is that in the naturalized virtue ethics being virtuous is part of one's well-being, whatever theory of individual welfare we adopt, and so Sidgwick's "profoundest question" in ethics is no longer difficult to answer from the viewpoint of virtue ethics

Family-owned family business organization, ownership and management rights of the high degree of unity among the members of the family business and the psychological contract costs relatively low cost of business operations; the interests of consistency, so that family members have a natural cohesion, the business-to- sensitive to changes in the external environment, expansion of sufficient power, decision-making responsive. But also the family business is often difficult to overcome the impact of family intervention and accurate business decisions, financial constraints affecting the development scale, long-term management of the patriarchal system to the exclusion of talented people to join other defects. Further development of family business, family organization must have a big breakthrough, a family-effective integration of social capital to financial capital and human capital, and gradually realize the socialization of the family business. The familial organizational form of the family corporation has many characteristics. On one hand, it has a high unity of the property and management rights, which makes a relative low cost of the psychological contract, and a low cost of the corporate operations among the members of the family corporation. On the other hand, it has an accordance of the benefit which makes the members of the family corporation possess a natural cohesion, and which makes the corporation become sensitive to the development of the outside environment, and has an ample expansion momentum, and can make a quick reaction. But meanwhile the familial organizational form would make corporation reject the outstanding managers and technicians

China's state-owned enterprises to enter into a critical stage of reform. Government reform of state-owned enterprises mainly in the leading role in determining the direction of state-owned enterprise reform and development, processes and models; government reform and development in the state-owned enterprises play an agent, the dual principal role is to rationalize the management system of state-owned enterprises an important part; in different types of state-owned enterprise reform in government responsibilities are not the same; government should deepen the reform of state-owned enterprises to create good administrative, economic, market, legal and other objective circumstances. The state-owned enterprises clout country have entered into the key stage of reform. Government's leading role in the SOE reform shows mainly in determining the direction, process and mode of reform and development of state-owned enterprises. The double role of the agent, and client the government acts as in the reform and development of state-owned enterprise is an important link of straightening the management system of state-owned enterprises. The responsibility which the government bears is not the same in different kinds of SOE reforms. The government wants to create such objective environments as good administration, economy, market and law etc. for deep reform of the state-owned enterprises

Economic nationalism is on the early history of American foreign economic policy of the state have a significant impact on one's ideas. In the beginning of statehood with the United States produce the conditions of economic nationalism, some representatives of the founding fathers of economic nationalist tendencies of thought, economic nationalism embodied in the founding era of the basic spirit of the existence of its legitimacy, which in 1812 laid the After the foundation of this rising trend. Economic nationalism in line with the interests of the United States at that time, and gradually formed a great impact on the U.S. economy protectionist tradition. The economic nationalism was one of thought trends which had a great influence on US foreign economic policies in the early American history. Author believes that the United States had environments to produce the economic nationalism in the early days of the New Republic. He analyses the thoughts of some founding fathers which implied the economic nationalism for the purpose of showing the rationality of the basic spirit to be embodied in the economic nationalism. The spirit finally led to the rise of the economic nationalism in the United States after 1812. The economic nationalism was in accordance with the need of American interests at that time and formed gradually a protectionist tradition which had a great effect on the development of American economy in the long period

Religious life in patients with mental illness play an important role. Religious people tend to show a pattern characteristic of intuitive thinking. This kind of thinking is the result of bias hypothesis and group / group, bias. Religious positive effect on the performance of psychotherapy can provide a positive religious coping strategies; religion also provides an alternative attachment; religions advocate forgiveness, helps to regulate mood and behavior. Religious bias and prejudice resulting from cognitive psychology will affect the course of treatment, and religion would become one of the reasons leading to mental illness, negative effects of religion are also reflected in the external control of religion, which advocates freedom to explore the psychological treatment and contradicts the principles of self-development. Counselors and mental illness in religious differences mainly reflected in the attitude towards religion and coping, is leading to potential conflicts between the two root causes. Mental health practitioners and the need for religion and its relationship psychotherapy re-understanding. Religious beliefs play an important role in clients' life. Religious individuals are likely to use heuristics to form rapid judgment, which results in confirmatory and in-group/out-group biases. Religious beliefs provide order and understanding to a chaotic and unpredictable world. Many religions advocate forgiveness which is helpful in deal with conflicts. In addition, religion provides ever-present spiritual attachment figure. The negative effect is that religions promote an external locus of control, while mental health professions are based on free inquiry and self development. The coping style and attitude to religion are the difference between clients and psychiatrists, which is the main fact that causes possible conflicts between them. Psychiatrists should re-understand religion and its relation with psychotherapy to help resolving clients' problems

"One country two systems" great strategic thinking, Deng Xiaoping Theory of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, an important part. It was first proposed from the settlement of the Taiwan question, but first of all in solving the issue of Hong Kong a success. Article outlines the Deng Xiaoping's "one country two systems" great strategic concept formation; demonstrated strategic vision to address this great return of Hong Kong, maintain Hong Kong's prosperity and stability issues played a significant role; that this shining example of final settlement of the Chinese people Taiwan, reunification of the motherland to show a bright future

Feminist theory suggests that the female body is a physical difference between the concentrated expression of place and identity, the body of feminist writing is intended to reflect the female experience and the true intent of the conflict in the mainstream of physical survival of a state of tension. The rise in the 1990s China's female body art inherited the Chinese female body art history will be female body objectification of discourse structure, and import modern body writing the traditional liberation discourse, and thus with the male-centered discourse "conspiracy", the female female body Further objects, it will be classified as feminist writing is a misreading of the body, feminist writing should firmly grasp the female body really experience the basic elements of the party in order to achieve a true expression of women and female voice. Feminist body theorists have regarded female body as the symbol of representations of difference and identity. "Writing on the Female Body" explores the tensions between women's lived bodily experiences and the cultural meanings inscribed on the female body. China's contemporary body writings turn the female body to object in a further way in which they follow the old Chinese way of female body writing, and inflow into the modem body writing tradition. These kinds of writings must be a mistaken way of Female "writing on the body" in which women's lived bodily experiences have been given greatest attention

Following World War II Nuremberg and Tokyo International Military Tribunal trial of war criminals after the success of the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, the international ad hoc criminal tribunals has successfully tried a non-international armed conflict constitutes a war crime. The international community in establishing the International Criminal Court, "the Rome Statute," the negotiation process, based on norms of war and armed conflict, customary international legal documents and international criminal justice practice, try and include non-international armed conflict under the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court for war crimes become part of the country, "the Rome Statute," one of the reasons to vote against. In fact, the United Nations Security Council and in accordance with relevant international organizations, "UN Charter" provides an accurate definition of non-international armed conflicts, and strictly control the standards and rules of law applicable to non-international armed conflict as a war crime into the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court differences should not lead to more internal. Since both Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals successfully prosecuted War Criminals after World War Two, both ICTY and ICTR successfully trialed war crimes in their non-international aimed conflict forms as well. During the negotiation of Rome Statute to establish the International Criminal Court, the international community tried to include non-international aimed conflict into war crimes within the ICC Jurisdiction, which led to certain states refuse to sign or ratify Rome Statute. However, if the UN Security Council and other international organs could follow the UN Charter to define the non- international armed conflict rigorously, as well as strictly apply the relative criterions, there would be not much disputes on seeing non-international armed conflict as war crimes covered by ICC jurisdiction

Currently, U.S. trade policy-making process is filled with strong partisan color, the two parties diametrically opposed attitudes towards trade issues, which makes the process of trade liberalization in the United States severely hampered. Democratic presidential oath of office just a weak footing, partisanship intensified, the U.S. financial crisis has caused a huge economic impact, in this context, free trade is subject to unprecedented challenges. In the future, only the two sides through friendly dialogue to resolve bilateral trade problems, positive and sincere look at the shortcomings of their own economic policies, bilateral trade in order to embark on the road of healthy development of bilateral economic development and make due contribution. The parties' struggles influence the process of the formulation of trade policies in America at present, and the two parties often are tit-for-tat attitudes on the topic of trade which hinders the process of trade liberalization. Obama as a member of the Democratic Party has just inauguration of President still on weak footing, the financial crisis created a huge impact on American Economy, the trade liberalization has been unprecedented challenged. Both China and the United States want to solve problems in bilateral trade only by friendly dialogues and examine their own deficiencies in economic policies actively and honestly. Then, the bilateral trade could be developed regularly and make due contributions to the economic development in both countries

U.S. Mission made ​​tough in the Puritan view of religion. This concept of the United States as God choose a special country, the development of human history and destiny to bear a special responsibility. This concept is deeply rooted in American culture, deeply influenced the Americans on their own or to the outside world views and attitudes. It is the name of the U.S. government to achieve this mission under the guise of outward expansion, the small countries wanton interference. However, the result of interference, and not to be interference in bringing democracy and freedom, but on the already very peaceful situation, inject new destabilizing factors to stimulate these countries have become increasingly strong dissatisfaction and resistance, leading to caught in the dilemma of American foreign policy, history and reality have been fully proved this point

The "New Deal"-oriented institutional change actually constitutes a gentry "system" of the institutional basis for expansion. From the old system to new system squire who has received a much broader power to space, thus generating social contradictions and conflicts of interest are constantly accumulate. When the Qing Dynasty as a revolution in the sense of the object system after the overthrow of the existing society, all point to the shortcomings of the gentry. Gentry will be more in-depth after the national revolution and the revolutionary storm swept through. "Revolution" at low tide, the KMT to abandon the "Down with evil gentry" political demands, opting instead for the implementation of national power system, rebuilding the path to the penetration of rural society. After the war the Communist Party in the rural areas and the land revolution, "the village election politics," to all levels of "model worker" and "Heroes" as the main body of the new authority of the gradual control of the rural village political life, the political influence of traditional authority, a sharp drop off. Squire position and influence to the final exit, really marks the end of an era. Since the institutional changes for the "New Deal" had been become the institutional base of squire power's expansion, the squires became more and more powerful in the system of "New Deal", at the same time, social contradictions and conflict of interests incident to the change accumulated constantly. After Qing dynasty as the institutional target of the revolution had been dethroned, the gentries as the new undertaker for all the social disadvantages had been certainly stricken in National Revolution and in the subsequent more profound revolutionary. The Kuomintang abandoned the revolutionary aim of "striking local lords and evil gentry down" but turned to reconstruct the political system for the national power to penetrate the countryside after the "Big Revolutionary". The Communist Party controlled gradually the political life in the rural areas by the agrarian revolution and "village election politics", then, the gentries had been dropt out the historical stage which was a signal for end of an era

Accommodate the new Army reorganization with the meta rule and military institutions in the South important part. After the mid-yuan new army is still attached? Scholars have different views. Analysis of the Yuan Dynasty military system of the background we can see, the new soldiers were attached to military families forced incorporated into the system, still maintaining the typical characteristics of mercenary, the economic benefits and logistics, supply system is different from the Han, so the lowest level of the organizational unit can not be canceled ; Yuan Ting Yuli with South manpower, while preserving the national level, differentiation of the system, it is a political organization and a new name with the military must also be long term. Newly discovered historical data show that the new army with military and other element collected series of the same until the Yuan Dynasty also maintained its name establishment. Incorporated with the army of the new South in large part to avoid the system of conscription for military families the destruction of social production, but the mercenary system conflicts with the military families and meta-ting control of the use of military policy and the new with the most is to maintain the original the scale. Southern huge manpower in the military and can not take full advantage of the Yuan-ting. There are several different views about Xinfu Anny , which is an important problem for the army system and the controls in the South of the Changjiang River during Yuan dynasty. The Xinfu Army still kept the characteristics of the mercenary system that their treatments were different from that of the Han Army. That the Xinfu Army existed until the late Yuan was proved by new materials. The South of the Changjiang River in Yuan dynasty avoided to be destroyed by the Army House System because of the Xinfu Army system existed which was not utilized thoroughly in military affairs by Yuan

Since China's WTO accession, the bilateral trade imbalance off gradually exposed, the U.S. trade imbalance to blame all walks of life to the RMB exchange rate regime, that the Chinese government manipulation of the RMB exchange rate, and have asked the Government to urge China to take action to adjust the RMB exchange rate system , so that rapid and large appreciation of the renminbi. From the perspective of political economy analysis, the U.S. public about the RMB exchange rate issue and Sino-US trade imbalance all the argument is absurd, members of Congress continue forcing the RMB appreciation is for the maintenance of the authority of the U.S. position in the world economy political considerations. After China's WTO accession, the issue of imbalance in Sino-US bilateral trade has become more and more serious so all circles in the United States blame that RMB exchange rate system leads to the imbalance and consider Chinese government manipulates China's currency. Then they ask the US government to urge China to take actions to rectify RMB exchange rate system to achieve a large RMB appreciation immediately. However, it is ridiculous that various myths about RMB exchange rate and imbalance in Sino-US trade with the political economic approach. The reason why the US congressmen compel continuously RMB to appreciate is to stick up for the US authority status in the world economy by this way

In a static sense, hidden rules can be defined as undetected or do not have the legitimacy of the rules, it also means do not follow the explicit rules or contrary to accepted, the concept ought to act or behavioral tendencies, and its social consequences caused by the coexistence of diverse rules and the separation of its name, there. The generation of the unspoken rules is a common phenomenon, but the prevalence of hidden rules is a special cultural phenomenon, and the nation's culture is closely related to the psychological habit and action. The deeper qualities of traditional culture of the Chinese people's actions shape the habit, so to act strictly in accordance with a meta-rule approach is difficult to become the norm in the order form. Although the depth of invasion of modernity that the rapid loss of legitimacy of the traditional rules, but still can not short change the psychological structure of the actions of national habit. Traditional and the modern system of rules habit uncoordinated and rub between the shock is caused by the prevalence of current major hidden rules of social and cultural psychological roots. The hidden rules as the undiscovered or illegitimate rules or behavior patterns bring about phenomena that various rules exist simultaneously and the discrepancy between name and the reality in Chinese society. The origination of the hidden rules derives from the cultural psychological structure of Chinese tradition which would never allow a strictly logical manner of actions. The tradition has been changing under the impact of modernity that the traditional habitus lost its legitimacy, but could not be replaced. Therefore, the conflicts between the tradition and modernity give rise to the cultural psychological background of the prevailing of hidden rules which should be systematically studied

• the environmental virtues of Thomas Hill, a pivotal figure in the field of ethics, environmental virtue theory, its main idea is "appropriate humility" theory. "Appropriate humility" is a measure of the importance of an attitude thing, it requires people to recognize the "no perception of nature," the importance of correct understanding of their place in nature. • Thomas Hill wants people to overcome the ego and ignorance, to have "appropriate humility." However, he demonstrated his theory Shique anthropocentrism tend to show, and do not fully explain the existence of defects, so criticized by the people. Nevertheless, his theory of environmental protection is still an important revelation. Thomas Hill is a very important figure in the environmental virtue ethics, whose primary theoretical thoughts of environmental virtue is "Proper Humility". "Proper Humility" is an attitude to measure the importance of things, which requires recognition of the importance of consentient nature and appreciation of the people's place in the natural world. Thomas Hill wishes people to overcome self-importance and ignorance to have "Proper Humility". However, when Thomas Hill argued his theory, he showed a tendency of anthropocentrism which be suffered critiques. Nevertheless, his theory is still a very important message for protecting environments