X. Wang

PurposeThe aim of this study was to investigate and compare impulsiveness, negative emotion, cognitive function, and P300 components among gamma-hydroxybutyrate -addicted patients, heroin-dependent patients, and methadone maintenance treatment subjects.MethodsA total of 48 men including 17 GHB addicts, 16 heroin addicts, 15 MMT subjects, and 15 male mentally healthy controls were recruited. All subjects were evaluated for symptoms of depression, anxiety, impulsiveness, and cognitive function through the Patient Health Questionnaire, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale version II, the Beijing version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, the behavioral test, and event-related potential P300 detection.Results The mean scores of BIS-II in the GHB addiction group, heroin dependence group, and MMT group were significantly higher than those of the HC group. The total scores of BJ-MOCA in GHB addiction group was the worst among the four groups, followed by heroin addiction, MMT group and HC group. The response time in the GHB addiction group was the longest among the four groups, followed by the heroin addiction, MMT, and HC groups. The amplitude and latency of P300 in GHB addiction subjects were significantly lower and longer than those of the MMT group and the HC group. For the three types of addiction, the P300 amplitudes at Fz, Cz, Pz, T5, and T6 were negatively correlated with the scores of GAD-7, PHQ-9, and BIS-II; the P300 latencies were positively correlated with the response time and negatively correlated with the scores of the BJ-MoCA.ConclusionPeople with an addiction were likely to have increased impulsiveness. The cognitive function of the GHB and heroin-addicted subjects, including the heroin detoxification and the MMT groups, was severely impaired, especially for the GHB-addicted patients. The impairment manifested as abnormalities of BJ-MoCA, response time, and P300 components.

ObjectivesAimed to analyze the mediating effect of executive function between physical activity level and trait anxiety in college students.MethodsThe International Physical Activity Questionnaire, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Stroop task, 1-back task, and More-odd shifting task were used to analyze 248 college students.ResultsTrait anxiety were significantly correlated with shifting function (r = 0.182, P = 0.004) and inhibition function (r = 0.163, P = 0.010) and not with working memory (r = 0.056, P = 0.385). Vigorous physical activity (VPA) was most highly correlated with inhibition function (Beta = −0.144, P = 0.024) and working memory (Beta = −0.208, P = 0.001), and light physical activity (LPA) was most highly correlated with shifting function (Beta = −0.211, P = 0.001). Physical activity had a 72.31% association with trait anxiety (B = −0.195), with 11.79% mediated by inhibition function (B = −0.023) and 15.90% by shifting function (B = −0.031).ConclusionCollege students' physical activity promotes both inhibition and shifting functions, which in turn affect trait anxiety. VPA had a direct effect, while the effect of moderate physical activity (MPA) and LPA was completely mediated exclusively through executive functions, and the mediating effect of shifting function was the highest. It is recommended that college workers should motivate students with high trait anxiety to engage in more VPA and pay attention to changes in their inhibition and shifting functions.

As virtual influencers become increasingly prevalent in marketing communications, their influence on consumers’ pro-environmental perceptions remains understudied. This challenge is exacerbated by the diverse range of virtual influencer designs that firms can utilize in their green campaigns. Drawing on prototype category theory, we conceptualize virtual influencers into two categories—nature prototypes and consumption prototypes—and propose that these prototypes motivate pro-environmental behaviors through distinct pathways. Building on regulatory focus theory, we further argue that the extent to which virtual influencers enhance consumers’ pro-environmental behavioral intentions depends on the fit between the virtual influencer prototype and the framing of the green message. We suggest that this fit strengthens consumers’ sense of feeling right, which in turn promotes pro-environmental intentions. A series of cross-cultural experiments conducted in China and the United States reveals that prototype-framing fit enhances pro-environmental intentions in both public and private domains, although the patterns differ across cultural contexts. Among Chinese participants, both the nature-gain and consumption-loss combinations produce the expected fit effects by fostering a sense of feeling right. Among U.S. participants, however, the effect of prototype-framing fit becomes asymmetric: the nature-gain combination consistently drives pro-environmental intentions, whereas the consumption-loss combination exerts an influence only indirectly, through the sense of feeling right. Our findings offer practical insights for deploying virtual influencers in green marketing campaigns across cultural contexts.

Миф несет в себе самую раннюю культурную память людей. Это способ мышления и духовная форма постижения человеком окружающего мира. Как разновидность мифа, миф о герое представляет собой важный культурный феномен и является неотъемлемой частью духовного развития человечества. Идейная основа мифов оказала серьезное влияние на социальную и культурную жизнь, религиозную мораль, политическую историю и другие аспекты жизни последующих поколений. Йи и Геракл – знаменитые герои, соответственно, древнекитайской и древнегреческой мифологии. Они являются воплощением мудрости и силы, для них характерны схожие экстраординарные достижения. Несмотря на то, что они различаются по индивидуальным качествам и внешнему виду, и поскольку все называют их героями, необходимо признать, что у них есть общая черта: их стойкий характер и героический дух. Им свойственны высокие идеалы, и сами они выдающиеся личности, служившие духовной опорой предков, носителями национального духа и культурных символов. На основе сравнения героических образов Йи и Геракла, используя метод литературного анализа и сравнительный метод, в статье исследуются общие исключительные черты различных героических образов, что полезно для наследования и распространения благородного героического духа, воспетого в мифах и легендах. Герои всегда являются представителями общества, а их прекрасные качества и характеристики, которые соответствуют своему времени или превосходят его, на самом деле являются воплощением общественного идеала, образцом для подражания. Изучение героических образов никогда не потеряет своей актуальности. Это уникальный ракурс для изучения сути явлений и особого культурного миропонимания.

Single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) is an emerging nucleic acid tool with the potential to become a more efficient genetic delivery vector than traditional plasmids in prokaryotes. While conventional double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA) vectors are easily recognized and attacked by bacterial defense systems, ssDNA's structural differences make it resistant to corresponding enzymatic recognition. Moreover, the presence of unpaired bases in ssDNA enables efficient binding with other molecules, allowing for regulated gene expression and targeted delivery of other nucleic acids or molecules. In this study, we investigated the natural forms of ssDNA and summarized its synthesis and introduction methods. By analyzing existing applications of ssDNA in eukaryotes, we demonstrated the strategies and advantages of applying it to genetic manipulation in prokaryotes.

The lecture courses given by Augustin–Louis Cauchy, published in 1820 s, contributed decisively to the reputation of the cours d’analyse at the Ecole Polytechnique in history. However, as B. Belhoste has pointed out, the teaching of analysis during the initial 5 year period (1794–1799) of the school was pivotal for the development of analysis in the nineteenth century. Joseph Fourier taught analysis from 1795 to 1798 at this institution, a period that coincided with the delivery of lectures on a more advanced level by Joseph–Louis Lagrange on the same mathematical topic from 1795 to 1799. However, the courses taught by Fourier have been overlooked, either because they were not published as the courses by Lagrange and Cauchy at the Ecole Polytechnique were, or because they were considered to be of lesser importance, being viewed merely as sources for teaching. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the two unpublished manuscripts that document Fourier’s pedagogical contributions at the Ecole Polytechnique. These manuscripts, Ms. 1852 and Ms. 2044, offer a unique insight into Fourier’s approach to teaching analysis at the Ecole Polytechnique. Each manuscript comprises notes taken during or produced after the courses taught by Fourier in a specific period, which will be elucidated in a greater detail in the article. The manuscripts are studied as material objects in order to gain insight into the content and textual forms of the documents, which in turn shed light on the teaching and learning activities of analysis at the end of the eighteenth century. The study of these manuscripts highlights that the lecture notes, produced and preserved in manuscript form, offer a unique perspective that published textbooks do not provide. By examining and comparing the manuscripts, this paper establishes that Fourier in fact presented the differential calculus twice to two different classes of students and it also highlights the evolution from one to the other. Furthermore, I argue that Fourier’s pedagogical approach was instrumental in shaping his methodology of the differential calculus. In addition, I bring to light Fourier’s epistemological concerns in dealing with this subject. In his methodology of analysis, Fourier shared with Lagrange an affinity for epistemological values, including simplicity, clarity and rigour. In conclusion, I suggest that an epistemological/mathematical culture took shape in this context, which cannot be dissociated from the enterprise of rigorizing analysis undertaken by Lagrange, then Fourier and subsequently Cauchy at the Ecole Polytechnique.

As the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Covid-19 a pandemic on 11 March 2020 and called on governments' to activate and scale up [their] emergency response mechanisms' as well as to [f] ind, isolate, test and treat every case and trace every contact'(WHO 2020), governments around the world responded by tapping into digital technology to contain and limit the spread of the disease. One of the most prominent examples among these responses is Digital Contact Tracing Apps (DCTAs), that is, apps, services, and systems for contact tracing: identifying and notifying all those who come in contact with a [Covid-19] carrier'(O'Neill, T. Ryan-Mosley and B. Johnson 2020). DCTAs work by collecting and/or requesting–either involuntarily or voluntarily–various types of data through the users' smart devices and other relevant data sources, for example, location, travel histories, proximities, health status and so on, calculate their risk of being infectious and then instruct and/or enforce specific actions, for example,(self-) quarantine. ¹ DCTAs, however, have also generated numerous discussions about their social, ethical and legal implications; in particular, concerns have been raised about their efficacy, acceptability, voluntariness, transparency, accountability, security and impacts on privacy and autonomy (see, eg, Lucivero et al. 2020; Afroogh et al. 2022; Kahn 2020; Miller and Smith 2023), and these concerns may have contributed to the limited adoption rate of DCTAs (see Morley et al. 2020).

The development of open government data has attracted interest from academics and practitioners. However, only a few studies have examined a culture-based account of open government data development. This study empirically investigates the impact of national culture on open government data. Through the data investigation and analysis of 55 countries, this research finds that the development of open government data is positively linked with national culture with respect to individualism, indulgence and long-term orientation and is negatively related to power distance. Furthermore, this study shows that economic development moderates the relationship between national culture and open government data development, especially with respect to individualism and long-term orientation. Practically, the findings of this research can help policymakers better understand the multifaceted impacts of national culture on the development of open government data, including the promotion of cultural values (i.e. high individualism, high indulgence, and high long-term orientation) and the change in the passive and conservative attitude of citizens toward the openness of government data in countries where power distance culture is high.

The development of open government data has attracted interest from academics and practitioners. However, only a few studies have examined a culture-based account of open government data development. This study empirically investigates the impact of national culture on open government data. Through the data investigation and analysis of 55 countries, this research finds that the development of open government data is positively linked with national culture with respect to individualism, indulgence and long-term orientation and is negatively related to power distance. Furthermore, this study shows that economic development moderates the relationship between national culture and open government data development, especially with respect to individualism and long-term orientation. Practically, the findings of this research can help policymakers better understand the multifaceted impacts of national culture on the development of open government data, including the promotion of cultural values (i.e. high individualism, high indulgence, and high long-term orientation) and the change in the passive and conservative attitude of citizens toward the openness of government data in countries where power distance culture is high.

The dark side of entrepreneurship, especially the dark side of student entrepreneurship, has received little attention from academia. This study tries to examine the dark side of entrepreneurship among students in Chinese universities. Employing qualitative method by conducting semi-structured interview with students at the universities. Our study identifies the unproductive and destructive factors that drive the dark side of student entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship costs that accompany students in the process of entrepreneurship are usually time pressure, academic conflict, and even health damage. There is a huge discrepancy between the knowledge given to students by universities and the knowledge required for entrepreneurship, and college students frequently lack entrepreneurial knowledge and business logic. In China, the use of inappropriate policy tools has decoupled the student entrepreneurship policies it pursues from the purpose the policies are supposed to serve. In so doing, this study contributes to the micro-level of the notion of the dark side of student entrepreneurship.

On the basis of PM2.5 data of the national air quality monitoring sites, local population data, and baseline all-cause mortality rate, PM2.5-related health economic benefits of the Air Improvement Action Plan implemented in Wuhan in 2013–2017 were investigated using health-impact and valuation functions. Annual avoided premature deaths driven by the average concentration of PM2.5 decrease were evaluated, and the economic benefits were computed by using the value of statistical life (VSL) method. Results showed that the number of avoided premature deaths in Wuhan are 21,384 (95% confidence interval (CI): 15,004 to 27,255) during 2013–2017, due to the implementation of the Air Improvement Action Plan. According to the VSL method, the obtained economic benefits of Huangpi, Wuchang, Hongshan, Xinzhou, Jiang’an, Hanyang, Jiangxia, Qiaokou, Jianghan, Qingshan, Caidian, Dongxihu, and Hannan District were 8.55, 8.19, 8.04, 7.39, 5.78, 4.84, 4.37, 4.04, 3.90, 3.30, 2.87, 2.42, and 0.66 billion RMB (1 RMB = 0.1417 USD On 14 October 2019), respectively. These economic benefits added up to 64.35 billion RMB (95% CI: 45.15 to 82.02 billion RMB), accounting for 4.80% (95% CI: 3.37% to 6.12%) of the total GDP of Wuhan in 2017. Therefore, in the process of formulating a regional air quality improvement scheme, apart from establishing hierarchical emission-reduction standards and policies, policy makers should give integrated consideration to the relationship between regional economic development, environmental protection and residents’ health benefits. Furthermore, for improving air quality, air quality compensation mechanisms can be established on the basis of the status quo and trends of air quality, population distribution, and economic development factors.

Platform societies already shape how users communicate, participate, and become visible. The rise of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI), through systems such as ChatGPT and Grok, may further deepen these dynamics, introducing new and fundamental challenges to freedom of expression, including questions of authorship. However, despite the expanding reach of this technology, research on how users understand of GenAI’s influence on expressive freedom remains scarce. To address this gap, we conducted in-depth interviews with active GenAI users on the social media platform X, focusing on their experiences and reflections on using the technology in the context of freedom of expression. Using thematic analysis and the concept of GenAI imaginaries, we identified five imaginaries: (1) Pragmatic Tool, (2) Knowledge Authority, (3) Hybrid Speech, (4) Power Struggle, and (5) Ethical Issues. Together, these imaginaries show how participants make sense of GenAI’s role in changing how speech and expression are produced, constrained, and made visible. Participants imagined expressive freedom as being shaped by guardrails and content restrictions, trust and misinformation concerns, ethical issues, and automated content creation In particular, the Hybrid Speech imaginary illustrates how human and AI-generated expression increasingly intertwine, challenging the idea of speech as solely human-authored and raising questions about speaker autonomy, authorship, and accountability in public debate. Our findings contribute to debates on AI governance and freedom of expression by showing how users themselves understand GenAI as reshaping authorship, visibility, and expressions.

This paper aims to critique the argument constructed by Anna Smajdor and Joona Räsänen that pregnancy is a disease. Their argument that pregnancy fits the features of disease they enumerate stems from an analysis based on an ontological framework I term the ‘logic of the list’. This framework fails to grasp the essential and pervasive nature of the biological trade-offs that characterise complex phenomena like pregnancy. This paper argues that the generative logic behind many of the negative features of pregnancy differs significantly from that of true pathological processes. They are not signs of pathological dysregulation, but rather the structural costs that a complex adaptive system must pay in its process of reproduction.

Background Performance evaluation is vital for IRB operations. As the number of IRBs and their responsibilities in reviewing and supervising clinical research grow in China, there is a significant need to evaluate their performances. To date, little research has examined IRB performance within China. The aim of this study was to ascertain the perspectives and experiences of IRB employees and researchers to understand the current status of IRBs; compare collected results with those of other countries; and identify shortcomings to improve IRB performance. Methods This study was conducted in China from October 2020 to September 2021, using an online survey with the IRB-researcher assessment tool-Chinese version. Results 757 respondents were included in the analysis and classified into IRB employees, researchers, or those who are both IRB employees and researchers. Overall, the score for an ideal IRB was significantly higher than that of an actual IRB. Compared to the US National Validation study, Chinese participants and American participants both agree and differ in their perspectives on the most and least important ideal items. Conclusion This investigation provides a benchmark of the perceived performance of actual IRBs in China. IRBs in China can be precisely adjusted by targeting identified areas of weakness to improve their performances.

BackgroundUsing an effective method for evaluating Institutional Review Board (IRB) performance is essential for ensuring an IRB’s effectiveness, efficiency, and compliance with applicable human research standards and organizational policies. Currently, no empirical research has yet been published in China evaluating IRB performance measures by the use of a standardized tool. This study was therefore conducted to develop a Chinese version of the IRB Researcher Assessment Tool (IRB-RAT), assess the psychometric properties of the Chinese version (IRB-RAT-CV), and validate the tool for use in China.MethodsIn this cultural adaptation, cross-sectional validation study, the IRB-RAT-CV was developed through a back-translation process and then distributed to 587 IRB staff members and researchers in medical institutions and schools in Hunan Province that review biomedical and social-behavioral research. Data from the 470 valid questionnaires collected from participants was used to evaluate the reliability, content validity, and construct validity of the IRB-RAT-CV.ResultsParticipants’ ratings of their ideal and actual IRB as measured by the IRB-RAT-CV achieved Cronbach's alpha 0.989 and 0.992, Spearman-Brown coefficient 0.964 and 0.968, and item-total correlation values ranging from 0.631 to 0.886 and 0.743 to 0.910, respectively.ConclusionThe IRB-RAT-CV is a linguistically and culturally applicable tool for assessing the quality of IRBs in China.

Background and purposeThis study aimed to analyze the feasibility and safety of endovascular therapy (EVT) in patients with acute posterior circulation stroke and vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia (VBD).Materials and methodsBASILAR was a national prospective registry of consecutive patients with symptomatic and imaging-confirmed acute stroke in the posterior circulation within 24 h of symptom onset. We evaluated EVT feasibility and safety in patients with VBD. Primary outcomes included improvement in modified Rankin Scale scores (mRS) at 90 days and mortality within 90 days. The secondary outcome was the rate of favorable functional outcome, defined as mRS ≤ 3 (indicating independent ambulation) at 90 days. Safety outcomes included surgery-related complications and other serious adverse events.ResultsA total of 534 cases were included: 159 with VBD and 375 controls. No significant difference in mRS at 90 days was found between groups, but patients with VBD had a higher baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score [30 (19–33) vs. 25 (15–32)] and were older [65 (59–74) vs. 63 (55–72) year]. After propensity score matching, there were no significant differences in baseline NIHSS score between the two groups, and the efficacy and safety of EVT were similar between patients with or without VBD. Furthermore, the prognostic effect of puncture-to-recanalization time on the probability of mortality within 90 days in EVT-treated patients with VBD was significant {adjusted odds ratio, 1.008 [95% confidence interval (1.001–1.015)]}.ConclusionEndovascular therapy is safe and feasible in patients with acute posterior circulation stroke and VBD. The puncture-to-recanalization time is important for predicting the prognosis of EVT-treated patients with VBD.

As one of the foundations of existential positive psychology, self-transcendence can bring positive intrapersonal and interpersonal outcomes, especially in the COVID-19 era in which people are suffering huge mental stress. Based on Schwartz's theory of human basic values, the current study combines variable-centered and person-centered approaches to examine the relationships between adolescents' values and mental health across two regions in China. The results generally showed that both self-enhancement and conservation values were positively correlated with depression and loneliness, while both self-transcendence and openness to change values negatively correlated with depression and loneliness. The results also showed that there were four value clusters, and, compared to adolescents in the self-focus and undifferentiated values cluster, all adolescents in the anxiety-free values cluster reported lower depression and loneliness, while all adolescents in the other-focus values cluster reported higher depression and loneliness. The differences between the two regional groups only emerged in depression. Specifically, adolescents in Shanghai have higher levels of depression than adolescents in Qingdao. This study provides some evidence for the new science of self-transcendence among adolescents and also sheds light on how we may improve the level of mental health during the COVID-19 era.

Coal mine safety management involves many interested parties and there are complex relationships between them. According to game theory, a multiparty evolutionary game model is established to analyze the selection of strategies. Then, a simplified three-party model is taken as an example to carry out detailed analysis and solution. Based on stability theory of dynamics system and phase diagram analysis, this article studies replicator dynamics of the evolutionary model to make an optimization analysis of the behaviors of those interested parties and the adjustment mechanism of safety management policies and decisions. The results show how the charge of supervision of government department and inspection of coal mine enterprise impact the efficiency of safety management and the effect of constraint measures and incentive and other measures in safety management.