Jose Sanchez

The Coronavirus Covid 19 pandemic has produced terrible effects in the world economy and is shaking social and political stability around the world. The world of sport has obviously been severely affected by the pandemic, as authorities progressively canceled all level of competitions, including the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo. In Spain, the initial government-lockdown closed the Sports High-performance Centers, and many other sports facilities. In order to support athlete's health and performance at crises like these, an online questionnaire named RECOVID-19, was designed to assess how athletes were living their lives during such periods of home confinement. The main purpose of the questionnaire was to assess the impact of prolongued confinement on athlete's psychological, emotional, and behavioral performance. One thousand, two hundred forty-eight athletes participated in the survey. They had the fllowing characteristics:, who compete at National and International level. Results showed that during the confinement period, those athletes who lacked motivation reported a higher level of stressful thoughts, more behavioral problems, and greater emotional upheaval. However, those athletes who accepted confinement measures as necessary, and were in favor of respecting the rules of social isolation, fostered positive emotional states such as feelings of friendship. In addition, the availability of some sport equipment together with the ability to continue some training, were protective factors against emotional stress, lack of motivation and behavioral problems; and they were associated with greater respect for, and adherence to, confinement rules. Gender differences, tested by multigroup analysis, revealed that coping activities were more often associated to negative emotional states among women, whereas the ongoing availability of training information and future conditions were equally protective factors for both genders. This study also showed that receiving coaching, support and completing frequent training routines seem to be valuable tools to prevent or reduce some of the harmful effects of isolation on athlete's emotional well-being. The conclusions derived from this research would possibly help sport authorities to design supporting policies and plans to support athletes and trainers in future disruptive health crises.

RESUMENNuestro trabajo establece una comparación entre los dos periodos en que Platon realizó Gorgias y Fedro, para comprobar si hubo un cambio en sus concepciones retóricas, éticas y políticas o si, por el contrario,mantiene una undiad de pensamiento sin que se alteren sus creencias básicas sobre tales conceptos. Para realizar nuestro estudio, primero expondremos las ideas fundamentales que Platón presenta en Gorgias sobre retórica, ética y política, posteriormetne haremos lo propio en Fedro y finalmente sacaremos las conclusiones pertinentes en función de nuestro análisis sobre los puntos de consenso o de dusenso en ambos diálogos.PALABRAS CLAVESFEDRO-GORGIAS-PLATON-RETORICAABSTRACTThe present work establishes a comparison between two periods of Plato's thought, in order to analize how his thinking evolved in his rhetorical, ethical and political conceptions. For this reason, two important dialogues have been chosen Gorgias and Phaedrus, in which may topics are developed, linking them with the aspects referred to above in wich one can evaluate whether Plato changed his main conceptions about rhetorical, ethical and political reality or, whather on the other hand, he continued to ahve an unity of thiking thoughout the great period in wich he carried out his intellectual workKEYWORDSGORGIAS-PHAEDRUS-PLATO-RHETORIC

Bajo la hipótesis de que la realidad humana y la realidad divina conforman una estructura circular, este estudio recorre algunos de los hitos de la filosofía primera de Xavier Zubiri para mostrar que, efectivamente, el hombre en tanto realidad humana, constitutivamente religada al poder de lo real como su fundamento último y posibilitante, tiene una dimensión teologal, no teológica, en la que se ofrece con claridad y evidencia que Dios es un problema para el hombre, es decir, que este está lanzado inexorablemente, en su propia vida, hacia ese problema y que el decurso de esa vida es, en realidad, la resolución de ese problema.

This study adopts moral reasoning strategies to investigate why consumers support companies involved in ethical transgressions. Drawing on several cases of real multinationals publicly involved in tax avoidance practices, it aims to demonstrate that moral rationalization and moral decoupling depend not only on how consumers perceive the magnitude of the transgression, but also on their individual differences, such as political ideology and brand identification. A quantitative study with a sample of 3989 consumers of five different focal brands was employed to test a set of hypotheses. Findings reveal that moral decoupling directly explains purchase intentions. However, rationalization only explains behavioral intentions if it leads to a reduction in the perceived immorality of the action. Furthermore, the study reveals significant differences across personal values. Left-leaning individuals tend to rationalize less and decouple more when they perceive that the magnitude of the transgression as egregious. Interestingly, consumers who are highly identified with the brand are less affected by the transgression and tend to be more supportive toward the brand by engaging in rationalization mechanisms.

La filosofía primera como metafísica se ocupa, tradicionalmente, de lo que está allende lo físico. Esto es lo que significa la partícula metá de la palabra metafísica. Pero metá tiene de hecho otro sentido: el sentido de lo diáfano, de aquello que no se ve pero hace que se vea todo lo demás. La expresión “todo lo demás” queda nombrada por la palabra físico, que quiere contraponerse a lo meramente intencional, y que es la realidad. Así que la metafísica se ocupa de la realidad en aquello que tiene de diáfano.

It is evident that the international order has been changed at the beginning of the twenty-first century after the terrorist attacks of September 2001. Peace is the essential end of every constitutional democracy, internally -in the relationships that its members maintain among themselves-, as well as externally -those relations that a society sustains with others. The problem arises especially in the relation of constitutional democracies with other political regimes. Whereas Kant defended that the best means to achieve peace was the expansion of the republican regime, Rawls’ defense of liberal democracy did not envisage its expansion. The relations of a constitutional democracy with other societies, whether democratic or not, necessarily require a limitation of sovereignty in their exercise abroad. However, the relations among different sovereigns remain underdeveloped, practically at the mercy of the good or bad will of each of them, without a praetor with the capacity to establish the universal will that should prevail in the relations among states.

El trabajo explora críticamente la idea de una justificación débil o pen última de la moral enmarcándola en el conjunto de la filosofía de Tugendhat, reordenan do sus escritos éticos y discriminando los diversos aspectos que incluye dicha idea. Entre ellos, revisa el concepto formal de moral, ligado a los sentimientos, antes de centrarse en el punto crucial: la fundamentación de la ética moderna. Aquí se distingue, por un lado, la justificación comparativa de un contractualismo igualitario frente a otras alternativas teóricas y, por otro, los motivos que pueden llevar (more heideggeriano, en realidad) a un individuo autónomo a entenderse en términos morales.

Exploramos las actitudes de los españoles hacia las herramientas digitales propuestas por los actores políticos durante las elecciones generales españolas de 2008. Analizamos seis grupos de discusión organizados según las dimensiones de edad, identificación ideológica y nivel de institucionalización a la hora de participar en política. Exploramos hasta qué punto la brecha digital generacional de los usuarios de Internet, la auto-ubicación ideológica o la pertenencia a partidos políticos y movimientos sociales influye en la percepción de la ciberpolítica. Los resultados son complejos. La ciudadanía percibió como la igualdad de las prácticas digitales no se correspondía con las potencialidades de una ciberdemocracia distorsionada.

Resumen Para Freud la relación entre violencia y ley parece indisociable, en tanto la instauración de esta última depende de una violencia inaugural, la que en lugar de quedar limitada a este momento inicial continúa activa a través de los propios mecanismos psíquicos que encarnan la función de la ley, de manera tal que la ley se encuentra coludida permanentemente con la misma violencia que intenta regular. Pensamos que este dilema es equivalente al delimitado por Benjamin en Para una crítica de la violencia, ensayo en el que este propone, por medio de la figura de la violencia divina o pura, una vía para interrumpir el papel fundante y conservador de la ley que le cabría a la violencia mítica. Se propone que la interpretación de Lacan sobre el acto de Antígona como trasgresión de la Átē, resulta afín a la idea de Benjamin sobre la superación del compromiso entre violencia mítica y ley que adjudica al acontecimiento de la violencia pura, replicando una crítica a la violencia, esta vez dentro de los márgenes teóricos del psicoanálisis. En ambos casos resulta posible situar un más allá del compromiso entre violencia y ley, el cual permite pensar una refundación de los límites simbólicos que dan soporte a la vida en comunidad.For Freud, the relationship between violence and law seems inseparable, in that the establishment of the law depends on an inaugural violence. However, instead of being limited to this initial moment, this inaugural violence continues active through the psychic mechanisms which embody the function of the law, so that the law is constantly in collusion with the same violence that it tries to regulate. We think that this dilemma is equivalent to that defined by Benjamin in his Critique of Violence, an essay in which he proposes, through the figure of divine or pure violence, a way to interrupt the founding and conservative role of law attributed to mythical violence. It is proposed that Lacan’s interpretation of the act of Antigone as a transgression of Átē is akin to Benjamin’s idea of overcoming the compromise between mythic violence and the law that adjudicates the occurrence of pure violence. Lacan thus provides a critique of violence, this time within the theoretical margins of psychoanalysis. In both cases it is possible consider something beyond the compromise between violence and law, allowing one to think of a refoundation of the symbolic limits that support the law and regulate the bonds of community life.

El carácter problemático de la esencia del sentir, de la esencia del inteligir y del modo como ambos se relacionan en el proceso del conocimiento está presente a lo largo de la historia de la filosofía. La crítica de Xavier Zubiri es que este problema ha sido tratado, desde Platón hasta Husserl, de manera dicotómica. Su tesis es que debe tratarse a la sensibilidad y a la inteligencia como una realidad estructural. En este texto damos cuenta del modo como Husserl se acercó a este antiguo problema, mostramos el tratamiento dicotómico que hay del asunto en sus investigaciones e iniciamos un contraste con la tesis de Zubiri en el sentido de que el sentir y la inteligencia conforman una sola estructura, la inteligencia sentiente.