Antonio Pérez

Purpose This study aims to examine how university students ethically evaluate two uses of large language models (LLMs) in academic essay writing and, more centrally, whether ethical evaluations operate as empirical bottlenecks for behavioural intention across these scenarios. Using necessary condition analysis (NCA), the paper investigates whether higher intention co-occurs only when ratings on four ethical dimensions exceed minimum levels: moral justice (JU), relativism (RE), consequentialist evaluation (CO) and deontology (DE). Design/methodology/approach A sample of 151 students from two Spanish universities evaluated two scenarios: using an LLM to improve an already written essay and using it to generate most of the content. After each scenario, participants reported their behavioural intention and ethical assessments. Paired t-tests and repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) compared the scenarios, while NCA assessed whether each ethical dimension acted as a necessary condition for intention. Findings Ethical evaluations and intention to use LLMs were significantly higher in the editing scenario, indicating that students differentiate between uses with different moral intensities. Ratings in the generative scenario remained moderately positive, and intention slightly exceeded neutrality, revealing ambivalence. NCA indicated that, in this sample, low levels of JU, RE and CO were not observed alongside higher intention in either scenario, with less demanding bottlenecks in the generative scenario. DE emerged as a necessary condition only in the editing scenario; in the generative scenario, it did not appear as a bottleneck in the NCA sense. Research limitations/implications The convenience sample, self-reported measures and cross-sectional design limit generalisability and causal inference. Practical implications Findings underscore the need for differentiated institutional policies, strengthened ethics education and assessment redesign. Social implications The framework used here can be adapted to examine LLM use in domains with deeper moral stakes, helping anticipate ethical risks and guide responsible AI adoption in society. Originality/value This study extends research on students’ ethical evaluations of LLM use by introducing a necessary condition perspective, which is still rare in academic integrity research. Rather than only showing that one scenario is judged more acceptable than the other, the paper identifies which ethical dimensions act as empirical bottlenecks for intention and shows that these bottlenecks vary across scenarios. Within this framework, the asymmetric role of DE emerges as a substantive finding.

Cuando se habla de la relación entre la inteligencia artificial y el autoritarismo, se suele exponer cómo esta tecnología puede ser un poderoso instrumento en manos de una concepción y una práctica autoritaria del poder. En este texto se reflexiona acerca cómo determinados contextos autoritarios pueden estar influyendo en el desarrollo y utilización de la inteligencia artificial. Con este propósito, se presta especial atención a dos cuestiones: a) las funciones informativas y valorativas que contienen y trasladan los sistemas de inteligencia artificial, y en especial los sistemas de inteligencia artificial generativa, y b) hasta qué punto el uso de estos sistemas puede influir en la percepción valorativa que las personas tenemos de la realidad y en nuestra concepción y práctica sobre la toma de decisiones.

Introduction: Cryoablation is an acceptable treatment option for small renal cortical neoplasms. Unlike extirpative interventions, intraoperative needle biopsy is the only pathologic data for ablated tumors. It is imperative that sampled tissue accurately captures pathology. We studied the optimal intraoperativeneedle core biopsy protocol for small RCN during laparoscopic renal cryoablation. Methods: Patients with RCN<4cm underwent intraoperative biopsy during LCA. Four biopsy cores were taken per tumor, 2 before and 2 after LCA by using both a standard and modified technique. Standard technique: needle biopsy device was deployed after insertion into therenal tissue at a depth of 5mm. Modified technique: needle biopsy device was deployed 1mm outside of the renal tissue. Biopsies were examined and compared with reference standard pathology. Percentage agreement was calculated across biopsy types and time points. Logistic regression was used to identify factors impacting biopsy accuracy. Results: Thirty patients with 33 RCNs underwent LCA. The mean patient age was 69.1±8.0yrs, and mean tumor size was 2.3±0.7cm. No significant bleeding resulted from biopsies. A definitive diagnosis was made in 31/33 RCNs. Ten tumors were benign, 21 were malignant, and 2 were nondiagnostic. Biopsy length was significantly longer using the standard vs. modified technique with mean lengths of 9.3mm vs. 7.0mm, respectively. Highest agreement was seen in preablation biopsies. A significant association with agreement was seen for younger age and larger tumor size. Conclusions: Younger age and larger tumor size were associated with improved accuracy. Preoperative sampling resulted in superior accuracy and the standard technique resulted in significantly longer cores. Use of preablation standard biopsy technique may result in the most accurate pathologic diagnosis for patients undergoing cryoablation for small RCNs. © 2011 by JSLS, Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons.

The aim of the article is to provide a research result to support the process of consensual and collegiate decision-making in order to mix study models in undergraduate degree courses and postgraduate projects in higher education. The deductive method was used as a starting point and a mixed phenomenological-hermeneutic approach was applied for the methodological design, based on the use of quantitative and qualitative techniques, for which a sample of undergraduate and postgraduate students was selected from the active student population in the year 2021. A structured survey was applied as a technique and a nominal scale was used to collect and analyse the data, which made it possible to determine the students' preferences according to the face-to-face or virtual modality, as well as the incidence of the mixture of both modalities for learning. The results of the research show that undergraduate students show a preference for the face-to-face modality, while postgraduate students prefer the virtual modality. From the examination of the problem, the analysis of the theoretical framework and the applied methodology, it is concluded that the results of the research can help in the process of collegiate decision making by the management agents of higher education institutions, to adequately dose the time load of the face-to-face or virtual modalities, as appropriate to the degree courses and projects.

Retraction note: Muñoz Sánchez, V. M., Pérez Flores, A. M., & Jordi Sánchez, M. (2022). Active tourism and sport: outlining a line of research in social sciences. TECHNO REVIEW. International Technology, Science and Society Review Revista Internacional De Tecnología, Ciencia Y Sociedad, 12(6), 2–14. https://doi.org/10.37467/revhuman.v11.4571 The Editorial Office of Eurasia Academic Publishing Group has retracted this article. An investigation carried out by our Research Integrity Department has found a group of articles, among which this one is found, that are not within the thematic scope of the journal. We believe that the editorial process was manipulated and, furthermore, acceptance decisions were made under possibly inappropriate peer review.

Comentando la frase de Hegel de que "lo que hasta hoy se ha alcanzado en América es la expresión de una vida extranjera", se dice que todo imperio intenta repetir en sus colonias el mundo y la vida de la metrópoli. Esta copia se traslada también a la educación. La universidad latinoamericana traída por los españoles pretendía ser una copia de las universidades de Salamanca o Alcalá. Los objetivos, los contenidos, los métodos pedagógicos -memorísticos y repetitivos-eran trasladados al pie de la letra al nuevo mundo que tenía poco que ver con el viejo mundo español. El esfuerzo por repetir lo extranjero produce una mentalidad colonial que se mantiene en la Universidad con el método actual, repetitivo y memorístico de la docencia. También el chauvinismo provinciano que niega todo valor a las ideas que llegan de fuera, es producto de esa mentalidad colonialista. La Universidad ideal será la que, sin dejar de discutir y analizar las ideas y verdades que nos llegan de afuera, crea y produce sus propias ideas y teorías. La que entra en diálogo con las ideas del mundo. Esto se alcanza sólo con la investigación

Nietzsche, desde El Nacimiento de la Tragedia, critica despiadadamente al sujeto de la modernidad. El sujeto moderno, heredero del hombre teorético o socrático, es sustancia y centro del universo objetivado. Convertido en pensamiento y razón pura, se ha desgajado del Uno primario y se ha convertido en el hijo perdido de la naturaleza. Ésta, a su vez, está, como objeto, arrojada enfrente y considerada como enemiga; como tal, se encuentra avasallada por el sujeto moderno. Nietzsche propone el individuo artista como alternativa al sujeto moderno. Imitador de las dos potencias artísticas, a saber, la dionisiaca y la apolínea, su principal característica consiste en saberse accidente o fenómeno de la Voluntad cósmica y negar su total autonomía e independencia de la naturaleza. Esencialmente disarmónico, el individuo artista refleja en su obra la contradicción interna que enfrenta su tendencia centrípeta hacia la unidad cósmica con su tendencia centrífuga hacia la dispersión fenoménica, múltiple e individual.Starting with Die Geburt der Tragödi , Nietzsche criticizes the subject of modernity mercilessly. The modern subject, heir of the theoretical and Socratic man, is the substance and center of an objectified universe. Converted into thought and pure reason, he has become cut off from the primary One and transformed into the lost son of nature. At the same time, nature is objectified and considered an enemy; as such, it is enslaved by the modern subject. Nietzsche proposes the artistic individual as an alternative to the modern subject. Imitator of the two artistic powers, the Dionysian and Apollonian, his principal characteristics are knowing that his self is an accident or phenomenon of cosmic Will and denying his total autonomy and independence from nature. The artistic individual is essentially inharmonic and his works reflect the internal contradiction that opposes the centripetal tendency towards cosmic unity against the centrifugal tendency toward multiple and individual phenomenal dispersion

In “The Law of Peoples,” John Rawls proposes a model for multi-culural dialogue based upon agreement. In liberal societies, we find agreement on issues such as human rights. However, I argue here that this proposal overcomes neither Eurocentrism nor Western-centrism, as liberal nations would decide which nations are “well organized hierarchical societies.” This second circle of nations would be merely invited peoples, who would not be allowed to contribute new proposals but only to accept the proposals of the liberal nations. I propose a model for attaining human rights through truly universal dialogue in which the representatives of all peoples are able to speak, make proposals, and accept the proposals of others on an equal basis.

Communicative acts of some women are perpetuating the dominance that DTM have over both women and OTM. Some women use language in a disdainful manner to reprimand oppressed men’s behavior in daily life situations, the same behavior that such women would not reproach to DTM. But NAM are reacting to this. This article analyzes the communicative acts employed in all these situations, both those produced by women and DTM, as well as NAM’s communicative acts in response to those offenses. Data was collected using communicative daily life stories of give women and three men with diverse profiles and different levels of participation in women’s and men’s movements. Findings highlight, from the transformative dimension of the communicative methodology, that the use of language of desire in NAM’s reactions is effective not only to make justice with men who have never executed violence on women, but also to undermine the attractiveness of both DTM’s behavior and the comments of some women on such behavior. These findings complement previous research on preventive socialization of gender violence by broadening scientific knowledge on NAM’s communicative acts that prevent and eradicate gender-based violence. Further research ought to broaden the evidence of how some women who defend feminist values sometimes do not support and even tease or reprimand men who practice these values; moreover, an important line could analyze the way people talk about men with NAM attitudes to hold back reprimands in comparison to how people talk about men who follow a DTM model.

Habermas shares with Kant the commitment to the posible, the ideal and duty to be moral, and with Hegel, the critique of the abstract carácter of kantian possibility and ought-be, as well as the realistic attention to the conditions of the really posible and the ideal. In this paper I intend to show that the confluence of such motifs, Kantian and Hegelian, in Habermas’ thought allows us to detect the keys to a conception of what should be and the ideal that does justice to the two essential features of what is really posible: the refence to the future and to conditions embedded in the real.

Which political and juridical foundation can justify the transit from the Western, particular, to the universal? John Rawls tries to answer this question in his article, "The Law of Peoples," proposing a kind of contract or agreement. A first agreement should be attained among liberal-democratic societies on a few political and social issues such as human rights. Then this agreement can be widened to non-liberal/democratic but well organized hierarchical societies or those that satisfy the requisites of being peaceful, of having a reasonably well organized legal system, of admitting a measure of freedom-political and religious-and of admitting the right of emigration. These two groups of nations would belong to a Society of Nations with the juridical and political duty of fulfilling the few political issues that have been previously accepted. But Rawls' proposal overcomes neither eurocentrism nor western-centrism. It seems that the first circle of liberal democratic nations would decide which peoples satisfy the requirements of the 'well organized hierarchical societies.' This second circle of nations are only invited peoples; they are not supposed to contribute new proposals, but only to accept the proposals of the liberal-democratic nations. I present a new effort to attain human rights through a true universal dialogue in which the representatives of all cultures and peoples can equally speak, make proposals, and listen or accept the proposals of others.

El fenómeno turístico es uno de los elementos más importantes en relación a los vectores de cambio social. Como objetivo se plantea un análisis bibliométrico-descriptivo sobre el turismo activo y su relación con las prácticas deportivas mediante el estudio de la producción académica en Scopus. Las conclusiones ofrecen un perfilado de los intereses de investigación, temas, tópicos y elementos distintivos de los artículos centrados en esta línea de investigación, resaltando que existen publicaciones muy diversas sobre el tema de la relación entre turismo activo y deporte, donde se contemplan distintos eventos deportivos como oferta turística en una gran variedad geográfica.

How can we understand prehistoric lithic objects? What meaning should we give them and what view should we adopt to claim access to their significance? How can we reduce and clarify our biases? This article is a proposal to introduce Peircian semiotics to review lithic objects. For a long time, these were apprehended as types, sometimes within evolutionary lineages; however, in this research, knapped stone objects will be perceived through a semio-pragmatic grid and reviewed as signs. The proposed approach is a new way of accessing the fields of technical phenomena of prehistoric communities. This new perception aims at a quest for objectivity, by clarifying the affective, analytical and interpretative a priori as an answer to the sometimes very personal view of the prehistorian on lithic objects. Charles Sanders Peirce’s logical theory of signs or semiotics is contextualized within an ‘artisanal’ reading of prehistoric tools as initiated by Éric Boëda and further developed by Michel Lepot. Through this phaneroscopic/phenomenological vision, the technical object, now a sign-object, is placed in action (semiosis) within a system of signs. This new trajectory is positioned both as a methodological tool and as an innovative milestone in the construction of a more logical episteme in Prehistory, taking lithics both as signs of past human activity and of archaeological representations.

El posible lógico se divide, con respecto al ser, en ser necesario y ser posible. Al primero el ser le pertenece esencialmente: no puede no ser; al segundo el ser le pertenece contingentemente: puede ser o no-ser. Duns Escoto define al ser posible como lo que no es necesario ni contradictorio en sí mismo. Al ser posible la existencia no le pertenece ni le repugna esencialmente; dada la no contradicción de sus términos, el ser le pertenece contingentemente por ser efecto contingente de una acción libre y contingente de la voluntad omnipotente de Dios.Palabras llave: Duns Escoto; ser necesario; ser posible; posible lógico.The logical possible, in relation to being, is divided in necessary being and possible being. Existence belongs essentially to necessary being but contingently to the possible being. Duns Scotus defines possible being as something in itself neither necessary nor contradictory. Existence does not belong essentially to or is incompatible with possible being, but belongs to it contingently because it is the contingent effect of a free and contingent action of God’s omnipotent will.Palabras llave: Duns Scotus; necessary being; possible being; logical possible.