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18Do Surgical Trials Meet the Scientific Standards for Clinical TrialsJournal of the American College of Surgeons 215 (5): 722-730. 2012.
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6Intellectual property and biotechnology: the European debateKennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 17 (2): 69. 2007.The European patent system allows for the introduction of moral issues into decisions about the granting of patents. This feature has
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82Is Futility a Futile Concept?Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 20 (2): 123-144. 1995.This paper distinguishes four major types of futility (physiological, imminent demise, lethal condition, and qualitative) that have been advocated in the literature either in a patient dependent or a patient independent fashion. It proposes five criteria (precision, prospective, social acceptability, significant number, and non-agreement) that any definition of futility must satisfy if it is to serve as the basis for unilaterally limiting futile care. It then argues that none of the definitions …Read more
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34Methodological and Conceptual Issues in Health Care System Comparisons: Canada, Norway, and the United StatesJournal of Medicine and Philosophy 18 (5): 437-463. 1993.There is a growing interest in comparison of international health care data with the hope that such studies will enable individual systems to learn from other systems. Such comparisons, however, presuppose that there exist common criteria for evaluating health care systems. The main thesis of this paper is that these comparative studies are misleading because they employ inappropriate operationalizations of these criteria because the operarionalizations are based upon mistaken global conceptuali…Read more
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38Reid and Hamilton on PerceptionThe Monist 55 (3): 423-441. 1971.Until a few years ago, the works of Thomas Reid were known only by specialists in the history of philosophy, and, insofar as people did think at all about Reid and his school of common sense philosophy, it was generally thought that Kant had been right in dismissing them as naive thinkers who did not really understand what philosophical skepticism was all about. This attitude about Reid changed very rapidly in recent years. More and more people now realize that Reid was one of the most important…Read more
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189Why settle for anything less than good old-fashioned aristotelian essentialismNoûs 7 (4): 351-365. 1973.
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14Five. The Theory Of EssentialismIn Graeme Forbes (ed.), Identity and Essence, Princeton University Press. pp. 84-134. 1981.
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40The president's commission: The need to be more philosophicalJournal of Medicine and Philosophy 14 (4): 369-383. 1989.This paper argues, contrary to what has sometimes been claimed, that public commissions need to be more philosophical than they have been in analyzing crucial bioethical issues. It argues (a) that the failure of the President's Commission to develop and use even simple distinctions between life and personhood led to flaws in both its discussion of death and its discussion of persistent vegetative patients, and (b) that its treatment of access to health care fails to develop a coherent approach p…Read more
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23BACKGROUND: Many published accounts of clinical trials report no differences between the treatment arms, while being underpowered to find differences. This study determined how the authors of these reports interpreted their findings. STUDY DESIGN: We examined 54 reports of surgical trials chosen randomly from a database of 110 influential trials conducted in 2008. Seven that reported having adequate statistical power were excluded from further analysis, as were the 32 that reported significant d…Read more
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7Two. Enduring and Nonenduring ObjectsIn Graeme Forbes (ed.), Identity and Essence, Princeton University Press. pp. 24-42. 1981.
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41Doubly distributing special obligations: what professional practice can learn from parentingJournal of Medical Ethics. 2016.A traditional ethic of medicine asserts that physicians have special obligations to individual patients with whom they have a clinical relationship. Contemporary trends in US healthcare financing like bundled payments seem to threaten traditional conceptions of special obligations of individual physicians to individual patients because their population-based focus sets a tone that seems to emphasise responsibilities for groups of patients by groups of physicians in an organisation. Prior to unde…Read more
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60Is there a philosophical problem about the identity of substances?Philosophia 1 (1-2): 43-59. 1971.
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18Six. Essence And ExplanationIn Graeme Forbes (ed.), Identity and Essence, Princeton University Press. pp. 135-156. 1981.
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22Readings in the philosophy of sciencePrentice-Hall. 1970.New edition (previously 1971) of an anthology for an undergraduate course. Comprises four parts: theories, explanation and causality, confirmation of scientific hypotheses, selected problems of particular sciences. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR.
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4Freedom And Responsibility In Genetic TestingSocial Philosophy and Policy 19 (2): 343-359. 2002.Public statements by various international groups emphasize that decisions to undergo genetic screening, either for disease-carrier status or for predisposition-to-disease status, and decisions about the use of the resulting information should be made voluntarily by the party to be screened. For example, the World Medical Association, in its Declaration on the Human Genome Project, says, “One should respect the will of persons screened and their right to decide about participation and about the …Read more
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