Francisco Martinez

Las identidades son representaciones socialmente construidas entre los diferentes actores que las componen o imponen, entre quienes con su práctica las constituyen o las cuestionan. Las reivindicaciones identitarias en un mundo global canalizan y revelan tensiones económicas, políticas, ecológicas, conflictos de intereses que pueden derivar en violencia étnica. Tal vez una de las principales tareas de la antropología en la actualidad sea destacar el carácter mestizo y cambiante de las culturas e identidades, al tiempo que la defensa de las culturas y pueblos en peligro.

I ALGUNOS APUNTES GENEALÓGICOS Resonancias senequistas en Espinosa La recepción espinosista de la ontología cartesiana Necesidad y libertad en Espinosa a la luz de la escolástica tardía española La problemática de la libertad en los clásicos, hebreos y cristianos El planteamiento escolástico Inversión-subversión espinosiana del problema El retroceso leibniziano II FUNDAMENTACIÓN ONTOLÓGICA DE LA ÉTICA: LIBERTAD Y NECESIDAD El cuerpo en Espinosa El cuerpo barroco La física espinosiana El cuerpo como sede de los afectos e instrumento de la beatitud El antiascetismo de Espinosa La constitución del sujeto ético: de la servidumbre a la libertad Necesidad y libertad en los Cogitata Metaphysica Fortuna y fluctuatio animi en Espinos III ONTOLOGÍA Y POLÍTICA EN ESPINOSA: RESPUESTA A LA CRISIS DEL BARROCO Rasgos básicos de la ontología espinosista: materialismo, idea de totalidad y método deductivo Filosofía política y ontología en Espinosa Pensar conjuntamente la obra histórica y la sistemática Fundamentación ontológica (antropológica) de la política Conceptos que articulan ontología y política en Espinosa La filosofía política de Espinosa como respuesta a la crisis del Barroco La imaginación en Espinosa: poder constituyente y lógica colectiva Espinosa: ¿liberal o republicano? Republicanismo y liberalismo.

Quizás no sea aventurado suponer, como hace Leo Strauss en su conocido ensayo de 1948, «Cómo leer el Tratado Teológico Político de Spinoza», que uno de los hombres eminentes a los que el propio Espinosa reconoce deber mucho en el Prefacio al libro III de la Etica sea Séneca, ya que, en efecto, nuestro filósofo tenía obras de Séneca en su biblioteca3 y del preceptor de Nerón se puede decir con verdad que «escribió muchas cosas buenas sobre los principios justos de conducta» y que «dio a los mortales consejos llenos de prudencia».

La presente obra recoge una serie de trabajos que analizan la crisis actual desde el punto de vista praxeológico. A partir de una fundamentación metodológica basada en la filosofía de la ciencia, especialmente en la de K. Popper, se sitúa la crisis actual en sus distintos niveles, epistemológicos, políticos y culturales. A continuación se lleva a cabo una reflexión sobre la praxis ética y política a través del estudio de algunos de los pensadores marxistas más importantes, entre los que destaca Lukas. El libro se completa con una serie de trabajos epistemológicos uno dedicado a la crisis del racionalismo y un epilogo dedicado a la Teoría de las Catástrofes, entendida como el paradigma actual más apropiado para analizar las cuestiones relacionadas con la estabilidad de las formas y con el surgimiento de lo nuevo, tanto en las ciencias naturales como sociales.

Increasing attention has been paid to the prediction of earthquakes with data mining techniques during the last decade. Several works have already proposed the use of certain features serving as inputs for supervised classifiers. However, they have been successfully used without any further transformation so far. In this work, the use of principal component analysis to reduce data dimensionality and generate new datasets is proposed. In particular, this step is inserted in a successfully already used methodology to predict earthquakes. Tokyo, one of the cities mostly threatened by large earthquakes occurrence in Japan, is studied. Several well-known classifiers combined with PCA have been used. Noticeable improvement in the results is reported.

Pesquisas locais recentes mostram que Pasto, a capital de Nariño, não liderou os declínios na taxa de natalidade ou mortalidade, mas o resto dos municípios deste departamento colombiano. O objetivo do artigo foi analisar a contribuição da imigração intradepartamental no crescimento descrito pelas taxas de fecundidade e mortalidade em Pasto de acordo com as informações fornecidas pelos censos de 2005 e 2018. Para atingir esse objetivo, os nascimentos e óbitos de imigrantes intradepartamentais e não migrantes foram extraídos do sistema REDATAM do Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estatística (DANE). A contribuição percentual foi medida por meio de taxas demográficas. Para alcançar um maior grau de detalhamento, também foram sistematizadas informações para conhecer a contribuição percentual da imigração em nível municipal. Evidenciou-se que esse fenômeno demográfico departamental explicava o atraso da capital nas transições de sua natalidade e mortalidade. Nesse contexto, revelou-se, em primeiro lugar, que a imigração intradepartamental aumentou sua taxa de natalidade, especialmente a das mulheres que estavam em fase madura de idade fértil; em segundo lugar, que a mortalidade dos familiares contribuiu para o aumento da sua mortalidade, mas a um ritmo inferior ao registado pelos não migrantes. Finalmente, a contribuição para o crescimento desses fenômenos demográficos veio de municípios predominantemente rurais próximos a essa capital.

Time series forecasting is a well-known deep learning application field in which previous data are used to predict the future behavior of the series. Recently, several deep learning approaches have been proposed in which several nonlinear functions are applied to the input to obtain the output. In this paper, we introduce a novel method to improve the performance of deep learning models in time series forecasting. This method divides the model into hierarchies or levels from simpler to more complex ones. Simpler levels handle smoothed versions of the input, whereas the most complex level processes the original time series. This method follows the human learning process where general/simpler tasks are performed first, and afterward, more precise/harder ones are accomplished. Our proposed methodology has been applied to the LSTM architecture, showing remarkable performance in various time series. In addition, a comparison is reported including a standard LSTM and novel methods such as DeepAR, Temporal Fusion Transformer, NBEATS and Echo State Network.

Within the present article, the author aims to outline two different conceptions of the social organisation based on the interpretation of nature. Concretely, the first analysed approach is the “Deep ecology” theory, represented by the Finnish eco-philosopher Pentti Linkola. Likewise, the second outlined theory is the “Ethnogenesis”, a biological approach of the civilisation proposed by the Russian Ethnograph Lev Gumilev. By exploring them, the author seeks to contrast their validity in order to resolve the “Ecological Paradox” proposed by Slavoj Žižek . In any case, the article doesn’t offer any geopolitical synthesis or method to face the ecological crisis , but it examines the meaning and representation of nature and remarks the importance of a new articulation of the political discourse

Feature selection is a widely studied technique whose goal is to reduce the dimensionality of the problem by removing irrelevant features. It has multiple benefits, such as improved efficacy, efficiency and interpretability of almost any type of machine learning model. Feature selection techniques may be divided into three main categories, depending on the process used to remove the features known as Filter, Wrapper and Embedded. Embedded methods are usually the preferred feature selection method that efficiently obtains a selection of the most relevant features of the model. However, not all models support an embedded feature selection that forces the use of a different method, reducing the efficiency and reliability of the selection. Neural networks are an example of a model that does not support embedded feature selection. As neural networks have shown to provide remarkable results in multiple scenarios such as classification and regression, sometimes in an ensemble with a model that includes an embedded feature selection, we attempt to embed a feature selection process with a general-purpose methodology. In this work, we propose a novel general-purpose layer for neural networks that removes the influence of irrelevant features. The Feature-Aware Drop Layer is included at the top of the neural network and trained during the backpropagation process without any additional parameters. Our methodology is tested with 17 datasets for classification and regression tasks, including data from different fields such as Health, Economic and Environment, among others. The results show remarkable improvements compared to three different feature selection approaches, with reliable, efficient and effective results.

Este trabajo trata de la importancia que tienen los estudiantes de medicina para responder a las demandas de atención médica en México; alude al proceso histórico que determina esta situación y la construcción de la categoría “médicos en formación”; refiere las condiciones laborales, educativas y de salud de los estudiantes de medicina en las unidades médicas, y su impacto sobre la calidad de la atención médica. Desde la perspectiva ética y de los derechos humanos se plantea que los programas de educación médica, y en particular la categoría de “médicos en formación”, pueden, paradójicamente, violentar tanto el derecho a la educación como el derecho a la atención médica, y dañar tanto la salud de los estudiantes como la de la población por ellos atendida. Se concluye que debe desarrollarse un nuevo respaldo ético docente asistencial para educación médica en las unidades de atención médica.

Subjects may be aware in each moment of the content of a given scene and/or internal state. However, the vivid reality of the scene is a by-product of the complex processing of external and internal information in the brain. This point is more evident in the hallucinatory phase of psychosis or during dreaming. There is complex internal processing for the recreation of certain contents which are unconscious for the subject, whilst the content is experienced, the process to arrive at the contents is not perceived at all. Therefore, an important question that naturally arises is if process and content are served by different neural mechanisms. The possibility that postsynaptic potentials arranged in an open-field configuration would be more related to the content, experienced (or not) by the subject, and transmission-transformation of information along neural networks would be related to processing would be proposed. The proposal has some important implications for clinical applications, given that depression, psychosis, anxiety, and others are experienced as defined contents or states, while more possibly the underpinnings are related to abnormal information processing. Therefore, any clinical application should be primarily directed to psychological, pharmacological, or neural stimulation modification of information processing. However, if the content is related to activation of defined neural nets, possibly defined as engrams in a broad sense, the activation of those engrams (content) would only be able to modify processing through action on the processes. A handful of psychological therapies, more or less, explicitly tacitly successfully focus on processes (i.e., cognitive therapy in psychosis) rather than on contents, while others also focus on contents (flooding therapy in anxiety). These ideas are being implicitly running from the beginning of Psychology and made explicit in the field of motivation in organizational psychology. It is important to clarify the different Physiological underpinnings of content and process, and how each intervention is more or less focused on one or the other to justify their odds for success. From an educational point of view, this topic refers to educational strategies more biased to memory (content) vs. educational strategies where the solving tasks approach (processes) is primed.

Intentamos mostrar las líneas genealógicas de la estructura político-legislativa de nuestro mundo a través del juego dinámico entre el Derecho natural y el Derecho positivo. El Derecho positivo de los grupos sociales implica una pseudo especialización cultural social a partir de la cual se justifica la guerra. Por otro lado, la guerra nunca puede ser justificada a través del derecho natural. En este trabajo vamos a tratar los siguientes aspectos: I) La Historia del Derecho Natural; II) El inicio de los valores sociales de la época moderna en el lusnaturalismo clásico español: Fr. Suárez, Fr. de Vitoria y Fr. Bartolomé de las Casas; III) Valores como la libertad, la igualdad y la solidaridad (propiedad común).

El presente escrito explora algunas ideas marxianas sobre la subjetivación a partir de sus críticas a la filosofía hegeliana y posthegeliana, de Feuerbach y Stirner fundamentalmente, y presenta su humanismo materialista y crítico como un nuevo modo de subjetivación que se sitúa en la estela del materialismo sensualista ilustrado, retomado por Feuerbach, que combina con la idea del hombre trabajador, el homo faber, utilizador de instrumentos, de la tradición de la economía política inglesa, al que dotan de la capacidad revolucionaria retomada de los primeros románticos y de la tradición de los comunistas y socialistas utópicos.

The US poultry industry based on flexible accumulation has been advanced as the model of agro-industrial development for agrifood globalization. Similarly, Mexico has been presented as a noteworthy example of the negative effects of neoliberal restructuring associated with the globalization project. In this paper we use both of these assertions as points of departure to guide an investigation of the case of the restructuring of the Mexican poultry industry. Informed by a commodity systems analysis, archival data and key informant interviews are used to generate an overview of the history of the poultry industry in Mexico. A sociology of agrifood theoretical framework informed by regimes theory is employed to analyze the events of the case. We conclude that neoregulation related to the IMF and NAFTA restructuring in Mexico facilitated the diffusion of the US model of poultry production