Liwen Zhang

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the widespread use of online hearings in arbitral proceedings, raising questions about the impact of such proceedings on the determination of facts underlying a dispute. This article explores the extent to which online hearings may hinder arbitrators’ ability to assess witness credibility by drawing upon the cognitive psychology literature on truthfulness determination and lie detection. A survey of the literature suggests that the ability to differentiate truthful from dishonest statements through verbal and nonverbal cues is limited, leading to the notion that observing behaviors like fidgeting, gaze aversion, vocal pitch, or body posture is not particularly relevant in assessing the credibility of a witness. Instead, focusing on the content of what is reported appears to be the most relevant strategy to determine credibility. Therefore, research does not support the idea that face-to-face contact with witnesses is essential to determine the facts of a dispute. Still, the use of in-person hearings may, in practice, continue to be preferred due to underlying cultural assumptions regarding the nature of hearings, the facilitation of communication between parties, counsel, and the tribunal, and a general sense of _Zoom fatigue_.

The mainstream of modern Chinese philosophical development (i.e., from the Opium War to the May Fourth Movement) is the movement to develop bourgeois philosophy, also known as the movement of "New Learning" (Xin xue yundong). In modern times, this movement underwent the various cycles of generation, emergence, development, progress toward maturity, and decline. Owing to the limitations and stipulations of the nature of semicolonial and semifeudal society and the basic contradictions in society, and to the fact that capitalism did not develop fully in China, modern China's bourgeois philosophy contained within itself a certain duality of character. In this essay, I would like to offer some discussions on this topic in the hope of learning something from the reactions of comrades.

An examination of the tomb structure of Guodian Tomb No. 1, the special characteristics of the excavated burial goods, the style of the script on the bamboo slips and so on, shows that these are similar to the excavated Chu tomb burial goods and the style of script on the bamboo slips of the previously discovered tombs near the old Chu capital Jinan, at Jingmen Baoshan, Jiangling Yutaishang, Wangshan, Wuchang Yidi, and so on. Thus, we can date Guodian Tomb No. 1's burial date to the late middle Warring States period.1