M. Julia Martínez

Ante la relevancia en el panorama político occidental de formaciones cuya pretensión de recuperar la soberanía nacional converge en ciertos aspectos con reivindicaciones de partidos calificados de populistas, este ensayo pretende evaluar la validez de estas propuestas políticas a la luz del examen de la configuración actual del capitalismo. Tomando como base los análisis de Marx sobre su funcionamiento, se estudian en un primer momento los rasgos específicos de este régimen productivo en la presente fase de su evolución, así como el papel que en ella juega el capital financiero. Partiendo de los resultados obtenidos, se aborda el problema del desequilibrio entre el alcance de la acción de la política nacional y el poder efectivo de una economía que opera al margen de todo control territorial. El objetivo último es incidir sobre la necesidad de acometer una redefinición de la política capaz de ajustarse al carácter globalizado del capitalismo actual.

Este trabajo parte de la pregunta por la posibilidad de deducir un planteamiento estrictamente político de los análisis ontológicos de la modernidad llevados a cabo por Martin Heidegger. Con este fin, se examina su interpretación del fenómeno griego de la pólis, así como la distinción que en ella se establece entre esta forma de comunidad y el Estado moderno, fundado para Heidegger en la esencia metafísica de la modernidad. Para clarificar esta cuestión se atiende a la proclamación de valores que Heidegger observa en los diferentes modos de organización estatal que aparecen en la época de la consumación técnica de la metafísica. En conexión con ello, se estudia su visión del nihilismo y se ofrece finalmente una hipótesis sobre la forma de Estado que resultaría coherente con la renuncia a los valores que, a su juicio, exige la manifestación del ente en la modernidad como objeto por entero producible.

En confrontación con las interpretaciones que asignan un significado religioso o teológico a las referencias a los dioses, a lo sagrado, o al “último dios” presentes en la obra de Martin Heidegger, este trabajo defiende una lectura en clave estrictamente ontológica de tales referencias. Para ello, se remite al diálogo que Heidegger mantiene con la poesía de Hölderlin y se argumenta que el significado que atribuye a la invocación hölderliniana a los “dioses huidos” depende del carácter ontológico que, en otro contexto, concede a la nominación de los dioses característica del decir poético griego. Ese mismo carácter se pone de manifiesto en el sentido que, según Heidegger, ostenta la apelación a “lo sagrado” de la poesía de Hölderlin como nombre poético del ser en su despliegue histórico. Finalmente, dicha interpretación se hace extensiva a la figura del “último dios”, resaltando que su comprensión pasa por atender a la exégesis heideggeriana de la cuestión de la huida de los dioses en la obra poética de Hölderlin.

Partiendo de la centralidad que en La obra de los pasajes adquiere la noción de fantasmagoría, este trabajo pretende dar respuesta al problema hermenéutico que en ella se detecta en torno a la cuestión del infierno. Éste consiste en que si bien la modernidad se define en este proyecto inacabado como la época del infierno, los materiales que lo integran resultan de entrada insuficientes para dilucidar el sentido atribuido a este concepto teológico. Para ello se atenderá a aquellos aspectos de la sociedad decimonónica que Benjamin vincula más estrechamente con esta cuestión con el propósito de plantear que el carácter infernal de la modernidad, encubierto por la visión de la historia que se impone en este período y que se prolonga hasta su actualidad, proviene de la consolidación del régimen de producción capitalista y del dominio que la mercancía y su fetichismo ejercen sobre el individuo moderno.

Ethics education in the health sciences requires approaches that move beyond theoretical principles to active, situated experiences. This study explored professors’ reflections on the use of EthicApp, a digital platform that scaffolds ethical reasoning through individual reflection, anonymous deliberation, and group discussion. A qualitative exploratory–descriptive study was conducted with four professors teaching an undergraduate midwifery course. Data were collected through reflective logs, observation notes, and collective meetings, and analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s six-phase thematic analysis. Findings indicate that anonymity created psychological safety, the platform’s structured phases scaffolded reflection, and simulated dilemmas helped connect theory and practice. These mechanisms supported critical thinking, equitable participation, and situated learning. The study’s originality lies in shifting the focus from student outcomes to professors’ perspectives, offering a distinctive contribution to ethics education research.

The tree-based data structure of -tree for propositional formulas is introduced in an improved and optimised form. The -trees allow a compact representation for negation normal forms as well as for a number of reduction strategies in order to consider only those occurrences of literals which are relevant for the satisfiability of the input formula. These reduction strategies are divided into two subsets (meaning- and satisfiability-preserving transformations) and can be used to decrease the size of a negation normal form A at (at most) quadratic cost. The reduction strategies are aimed at decreasing the number of required branchings and, therefore, these strategies allow to limit the size of the search space for the SAT problem.

Most scientific theories are globally inconsistent. Chunk and Permeate is a method of rational reconstruction that can be used to separate, and identify, locally consistent chunks of reasoning or explanation. This then allows us to justify reasoning in a globally inconsistent theory. We extend chunk and permeate by adding a visually transparent way of guiding the individuation of chunks and deciding on what information permeates from one chunk to the next. The visual representation is in the form of bundle diagrams. We then extend the bundle diagrams to include not only reasoning in the presence of inconsistent information or reasoning in the logical sense of deriving a conclusion from premises, but more generally reasoning in the sense of trying to understand a phenomenon in science. This extends the use of the bundle diagrams in terms of the base space and the fibres. We then apply this to a case in physics, that of understanding binding energies in the nucleus of an atom using together inconsistent models: the liquid drop model and the shell model. We draw some philosophical conclusions concerning scientific reasoning, paraconsistent reasoning, the role of logic in science and the unity of science.

Current approaches in decision making, influenced by rationalist and pragmatist paradigms, offer notable strengths but fail to adequately address human growth, moral depth, and relational dynamics. Rationalist models emphasize universal principles and cognitive processing, offering structured approaches at the expense of human relationality and cultural diversity. Pragmatist approaches focus on adaptability and social context and provide flexibility, but their morally relativistic stance leads to ethical inconsistency. To address these gaps, we integrate Leonardo Polo’s transcendental personalist philosophy and the Inter-processual Self (IPS) Theory to redefine decision making as an opportunity for personal and relational growth. Grounded in anthropological insights, this framework prioritizes the human person as the center of moral action and decision making, fostering personal and relational growth through the transcendentals of personal love, knowledge, and freedom. We argue that this enriched perspective addresses critical limitations of existing models, enabling decision making to serve as a source of systemic wisdom and sustainable growth. By applying this framework to organizational contexts, we show how it enhances personal growth, and the persons’ transcendent motivation for virtues involving inter-relational growth and wisdom. Our approach offers a holistic and transformative lens to rethink decision making as a catalyst for individual and collective flourishing, providing actionable insights to meet contemporary challenges in business and society.

This text discusses the European system in the modern age, describing the concept of ‘state’ as an object bounded by property rights and its owner’s jurisdiction. In order to maintain the state, it was necessary to keep the inhabitants in a state of submission, through either persuasion or force. State policy consisted in preserving the possessions of the state, improving and increasing it, combining statecraft with the subjects and concert with other state-holders. States were not autonomous units, but domains, and state affairs concerned ways of increasing or maintaining their ownership. When two princes married, they united their states and created a new political and institutional framework, with each spouse taking on the conflicts and alliances of his or her partner, creating entirely new situations. Each peace treaty or alliance was solidly sealed with a dynastic union, as can be seen in the example of the rise of the House of Habsburg, which became the first European power after integrating the inheritances of three great lineages: the Austrian Habsburgs, who contributed fiefdoms and states in Central and Eastern Europe, the House of Burgundy, who contributed states in France and the Low Countries, and the House of Trastámara, who contributed the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon.

Today’s youth find it extremely difficult to look beyond the present, in large part due to the precariousness of the labour market. Unconditional basic income, meanwhile, is emerging as the economic and social policy that is attracting most interest as an alternative not only to the conditional minimum income programmes, but also to the increasing unemployment and precarious conditions of employment. This survey study, conducted among students at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) in 2021 (n = 709), explores the attitudes of young people towards basic income. Findings reveal strong support among Basque youth for basic income, citing its potential to enhance personal freedom and improve living conditions. While previous studies have already found that young people tend to be more supportive of basic income, this research fills a gap in the literature by analysing in depth young people’s attitudes and beliefs about this policy proposal.

En este artículo defendemos la necesidad de reformular los conceptos de constreñimiento del desarrollo y variación considerando trabajos empíricos y teóricos recientes, principalmente sobre genes Hox, estado filotípico y morfogénesis. Argumentamos que la noción de variación isotrópica e ilimitada asociada con las teorías darwinianas y neodarwinianas deben ser reconsideradas a la luz de los aportes recientes de la biología del desarrollo. En esta visión, la variación estaría constreñida y sesgada. Esta reforma del concepto de variación coincide con la reformulación del de constreñimiento, los cuales serían entendidos como un factor causal positivo en la evolución, en contraposición a como suelen ser entendidos en biología.