Olivier Renaut

Emotions ( pathè) such as anger, fear, shame, and envy, but also pity, wonder, love and friendship have long been underestimated in Plato’s philosophy. The aim of Emotions in Plato is to provide a consistent account of the role of emotions in Plato’s psychology, epistemology, ethics and political theory. The volume focuses on three main issues: taxonomy of emotions, their epistemic status, and their relevance for the ethical and political theory and practice. This volume, which is the first edited volume entirely dedicated to emotions in Plato’s philosophy, shows how Plato, in many aspects, was positively interested in these affective states in order to support the rule of reason.

Broadly speaking, something can be called intermediate for Plato insofar as it occupies a place between two objects, poles, places, time, or principles. But this broad meaning of the intermediate has been eclipsed by the Aristotelian critique of the intermediate objects of the dianoia, so that it has become more difficult to think of the intermediates as functions of the soul. The aim of this paper is to show how, in the Republic, thumos is analogously treated as an intermediate with other kinds of intermediate objects, and tentatively to relate this psychological intermediate in a broader theory with doxa, as its epistemological ground in the course of action.

This article aims at showing that the definition of pleasure in Plato’s dialogues cannot be separated from a political educational program and an anthropology that consider pleasure as the main vehicle towards virtue. The political use of pleasure is as important as its definition, insofar as its manifestation and content are the prerogatives of the legislator. All pleasures are politically meaningful in the Republic and in the Laws, and among them especially the triad hunger, thirst and sex ; in making pleasures a “public” issue, as pleasures are object of surveillance and political control, Plato gives several means in order to shape the way pleasures are felt in the city, and in order to make the community of pleasure and pain a fundamental role in unifying the city under the reason’s commands.

Le retour aux anciens constitue une stratégie souvent mise en œuvre pour réhabiliter le rôle des émotions dans la vie éthique, que les éthiques déontologiques et utilitaristes auraient minoré. On analyse l’emploi que fait Martha Nussbaum de la référence aux anciens, en particulier Aristote et les Stoïciens, depuis la publication de La Fragilité du bien jusqu’à ses récentes prises de position contre certaines émotions jugées incompatibles avec les principes libéraux de sa pensée éthique et politique. On espère ainsi montrer comment Nussbaum écarte de notre vie démocratique contemporaine certaines émotions pourtant jugées capitales dans la vie éthique grecque, notamment la colère et la honte.

Taking Timaeus 42a-b and 69c-72e as a starting point, this paper claims that emotions are rational in Plato only in a derivative sense. First, what we call “emotions” are, in the Timaeus, a complex state not only of “mind”, but of the compound “body and soul”, or, rather of the “incarnate soul”; in this sense, they are non-rational for they derive from necessity. Second, in the framework of a psycho-physiological account, emotions are, prima facie, irrational affections, insofar as they may prevent reason from working properly. Third, it is true, however, that there are some emotions that actually help the reason to command, but the cognitive dimension that is commonly found within emotions comes from a distinct and separate power, δόξα, that makes these emotions display a kind of derivative “rationality”. With such a psycho-physiological explanation, the Timaeus can better explain how to rationalize our actions and ways of being through these intermediate states, by bypassing the apparently natural process that goes from sense-perception to what is found pleasant or painful and by giving these emotions their proper (though extrinsic) object of value.

La description de la vision intervient dans le Timée en 45b-47b, suivant une double perspective caractéristique de ce dialogue : le physicien Timée donne d’une part une explication mécanique de la vue qui met en jeu deux flux lumineux, celui de l’œil et du corps se trouvant dans le champ de la vision, et d’autre part une explication fonctionnaliste ou téléologique faisant de la vision la source des sciences de l’astronomie, des mathématiques, et même de la philosophie. Dans ce passage du Timée, la vision est une puissance qui nous informe sur la façon dont une affection, produisant une sensation, pourrait donner lieu à une connaissance. Cet article envisage d’abord les principales articulations du passage 45b-47b du Timée, avant d’examiner les enjeux d’interprétations concurrentes sur le rôle de la vision dans la constitution de la pensée dans ce passage précis : il maintient que, dans le cadre d’un dualisme constitutif entre sensible et intelligible, qui implique un saut épistémologique, la vision est un instrument servant de médiation vers l’intelligible.